BY 256L Exam 3 Birds Master List

Bird class name

Bird class name

Aves

Bird subclasses

Archaeornithes Neornithes

Aves Characteristics

Homeothermic Four-chambered heart Beak with no teeth Pneumatized/ hollow bones Oviparous Reduced internal organs (one functional gonad, one reduced gonad) Efficient respiratory system (lungs and air sacs) Syrinx

Homeothermic

Can control their internal body temperature

Pneumatized bones

Hollow bones, air pockets within bones to reduce weight

Syrinx

Located at the base of trachea, used to make a variety of bird songs and bird calls

Crop

Enlarged portion of the esophagus specialized for temporary storage of food, part of the digestive system

Crop milk

Nutritive substance produced by some species which is regurgitated to feed their young (doves, pigeons, penguins)

Gizzard

thick-walled muscular pouch which forms the posterior portion of the stomach used for grinding food, lined with keratinized plates and may also contain pebbles that have been swallowed by the birds, part of the digestive system

Keel

Thin flat piece of their sternum, braces their wings while flying

Air sacs

act as reservoirs for fresh air so lungs receive oxygen during both inspiration and expiration

Types of air sacs

One interclavicular Two cervical Two anterior thoracic Two posterior thoracic Two abdominal

Monogamous

One male mating with one female For a breeding season or for life Most birds Parental care is both male and female

Polygynous

One male mates with several females Parental care usually female

Polyandrous

One female mates with many males Parental care usually male

Promiscuous

Indiscriminant relationships Usually brief

Sex Determination (Genotypic)

Females: ZW (Heterogametic) Males: ZZ (Homogametic)

Altricial hatchlings

Born naked, helpless, in a more immature developmental state Guarded/fed by parents Most tree nesters

Altricial Species

Perching birds: Robins, Cardinals All birds of prey: Hawks, Eagles

Precocial hatchlings

Hatched in a more advanced developmental state Born with feathers Independent of parents Shown how to feed by following parents Most ground nesters

Precocial species

Ducks, Geese, Chickens

Uropygial gland

gland located at the base of the tail that secretes oil for preening feathers

Preening

process in which a bird rubs oil from an oil gland over its feathers to condition them

Molting

Shedding of feathers Occurs in stages

Feathers

Modified scales Not living tissue

Function of feathers

Insulation/thermoregulation Flight Mating displays Camouflage Signaling

Feather types

Contour Semiplume Down Filoplume

Contour feathers

Large feathers that give shape to a bird's body and help with flying

Semiplume feathers

Loosely webbed contour feathers to help to insulate body & aid buoyancy of water birds

Down feathers

Soft feathers that covers the body of young birds and provides insulation to adult birds

Filoplume feathers

Short, hair-like feathers found all over the bird's entire body that play a role in sensory function, relaying information about position and movement of contour feathers.

Thrush feet

Feet of all Passeriforms Specialized for perching

Pigeon feet

Specialized for walking

Pheasant feet

Specialized for scratching

Parrot feet

Specialized for climbing

Hawk feet

Feet of all dinural birds of prey Specialized for grasping

Mallard feet

Specialized for swimming

Coot feet

Specialized for swimming (though they are awkward swimmers)

Cormorant feet

Specialized for swimming

Gallinules feet

Specialized for wading

Archaeornithes Characteristics

Ancestral reptile-like birds True teeth Claws Long tail Extinct Feathers No keel (weak ability to fly)

Archaeornithes Species

Archaeopteryx

Neornithes Groups

Ratites Carinates

Group Ratite Characteristics

Primitive Keel-less Flightless

Group Ratite Species

Cassowary Ostrich Emu Rhea Kiwi Kakapo

Group Carinate Characteristics

Keel on sternum Flight muscles attached to keel

Orders of Carinates

Anseriformes Pelicaniformes Suliformes Charadriiformes Circoniiformes Galliformes Columbiformes Strigiforms Accipitriformes Piciformes Passeriformes

Anseriformes Characteristics

Swimming birds Webbed feet Depressed bill

Anseriformes Species

Ducks Geese Swans

Pelicaniformes Characteristics

Medium to large sized Waterbirds All four toes webbed

Pelicaniformes Species

Pelicans Hamerkops Shoebills

Suliformes Characteristics

Waterbirds Webbed feet Four toes

Suliformes Species

Frigatebirds Boobies Cormorants

Charadriiformes Characteristics

Short-legged waders Shorebirds

Charadriiformes Species

Sandpipers Gulls Plovers Oystercatchers

Circoniiformes Characteristics

Long-legged waders Slightly webbed feet

Circoniiformes Species

Spoonbills

Ibis

Herons

Flamingos

Bitterns

Storks

Galliformes Characteristics

Ground-feeding birds Heavy-bodied "Chicken-like" birds

Galliformes Species

Chickens Turkeys Partridge Quail Phesants Sage Grouse

Columbiformes Characteristics

Stout-bodied Short necks Short slender bills Feet modified for walking

Columbiformes Species

Pigeons Doves

Strigiforms Characteristics

Well developed talons Soft plumage Nocturnal birds of prey One high ear, one low ear Eyes fixed in head Can turn head 270°

Strigiforms Species

Owls

Accipitriformes Characteristics

Diurnal birds of prey Sharply hooked beak

Accipitriformes Species

Hawks Osprey Eagles Vultures

Piciformes Characteristics

Woodpeckers Small to medium sized birds Arboreal

Piciformes Species

Yellow-shafted flicker Yellow-bellied sapsucker Red-cockaded Pileated Red-headed Red-bellied

Passeriformes Characteristics

Perching birds Typical songbirds

Passeriformes Species

Robins

Blue Jay

Cardinal

Alabama Owls

Barred owl Great horned owl Eastern screech owl Barn owl

Nocturnal

Active at night, sleep during day

Diurnal

Active during day, sleep at night

CN I: Olfactory function

Smell

CN II: Optic function

Vision

CN III: Oculomotor function

Eye movement

CN IV: Trochlear function

Eye movement

CN V: Trigeminal function

Face sensations, chewing

CN VI: Abducens function

Eye movement

CN VII: Facial function

Facial expression

CN VIII: Auditory function

Hearing, balance

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal function

Oral sensation, taste, salivation

CN X: Vagus function

Swallowing

CN XI: Accessory function

Head movements

CN XII: Hypoglossal function

Tongue movement