Arteries, Capillaries, Veins

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1
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List the arteries (biggest to smallest)
Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles
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Describe elastic arteries
3 tunics, lots of elastic fibers (pump the blood by recoiling) Ex: aorta
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Descrive muscular arteries
3 tunics, fewer elastic fibers, smaller but thicker tunica media; majority of vasoconstriction
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Describe vasoconstriction
Controlled constriction and dilation of blood vessels (face blushing)
5
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Describe arterioles
Tunica intima and media only, microscopic, no elastic fibers, can completely shut off blood flow
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What are the three types of capillaries
Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid (discontinuous)
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Describe and list what is in continuous capillaries
Most common, all tissues; Gas and waste exchange;

Endothelium (simple squamous et), Intercellular clefts, Plasma (O2 and CO2), Diapedesis (WBC’s leaving the capillary by changing shape)
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Describe and list what is in fenestrated capillaries
Extra plasma leakage, Endothelium (simple squamous et), Intercellular clefts, Plasma (O2 and CO2), Diapedesis (WBC’s leaving the capillary by changing shape); Ex: Kidney (filter) and synovial membrane (make synovial fluid)
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Describe and list what is in sinusoid (discontinuous) capillaries
Endothelium (simple squamous et), Intercellular clefts, Plasma (O2 and CO2), Diapedesis (WBC’s leaving the capillary by changing shape), Gap of intercellular clefts (allows RBCs to leave and come back), Ex: Red marrow (new RBCs), liver and spleen (old RBCs)
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List the capillary bed
Endothelium (arteriole and venule), Tunica media (arteriole), Plasma, Precapillary spincter (directs blood flow into capillaries), Lymphatic capillaries (carries lymph fluid and pick up excess plasma)
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What are the two types of veins (smallest to biggest)
Venule and Vein
12
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Describe venules
Typically only endothelium
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Describe veins (inner to outer layer)
Endothelium (tunica intima), Tunica media, Tunica adventitia; Lumen is larger, Tunics are thinner, No vasoconstriction, Have skeletal muscle, pumps, and valves
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Describe varicose veins
Muscle and skin with elastin fibers helps push the blood; Elastin decreases as we age causing blood to pool, causes valves weaken; Treatment: compression socks
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Deep vein thrombosis
Blood clot (swelling and inflammation below the valve); Cause: lack of activity
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What is an embolism
A piece of a blood clot that travels; Common to travel to lungs (pulmonary embolism, clots arteries in lungs (aka coach class syndrome)
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What are the steps to blood clotting
1) Platelets secrete clotting factor; 2) Clotting factors react with proteins in blood to create fibers; 3) RBC’s trapped in fibers; 4)Macrophages clear clot when vessel is repaired
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Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
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What are the two types of arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis and hypertensive arteriosclerosis
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Describe Atherosclerosis
“Fat arteries”; Macrophages eat fat in the blood, becoming foam cells (macrophages with no function); Cause plaque beneath endothelium
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What does plaque beneath the endothelium do
Block lumen; causes ischemia (lack of O2 in tissues); Tear endothelium which causes RBCs rupture which causes blood clot
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Describe hypertensive arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arteries due to high bp; High bp which causes more tunica adventitia which causes less flexible RBCs (repeats cycle)
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Describe a heart attack
no blood to part of the heart, causing heart tissue to die (caused by clot)
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Describe a stroke
no blood to part of the brain, causing brain tissue to die (caused by clot)
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Describe an aneurysm
Congenital (genetic) defect in an arterial wall; Weak, thin wall that cannot take high bp, causes to pop; 15% causes strokes
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Describe AVM
when capillaries tangle (can pop), congenital (genetic)
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Describe Angiopathy
High concentration of glucose, damages capillaries; starts at the toes and can lead to amputations