blood exam 1

What type of tissue is blood?

Connective Tissue (mesenchyme)

What is the pH range for blood?

7.35 - 7.45

What are the functions of blood?

1. Distribution: Gas transport, waste transport, nutrient movement

2. Regulation: Keeps blood pH constant, regulates heat, and fluid amount.

3. Protection: Blood clots (prevents excess blood loss), immune system

What are the 2 major components of blood?

1. Plasma - nonliving fluid matrix
2. Formed elements - cells


1. -Erythrocytes (RBC)
2. -Leukocytes (WBC)
3. platelets

Name the 3 plasma proteins and their function.

1. Albumin (60%) - Regulation
2. Globulin (36%) - Regulation and Distribution
3. Fibrinogen (4%) - Protection

True or False: A Leukocyte is an incomplete cell.

False, A leukocyte is a complete cell as it has all organelles.

The ability of the leukocyte to leave the bloodstream and squeeze between cells in the blood vessels is referred to as what?

Diapedesis

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

1. Granulocytes - Neutrophil, Eosinophile, and Basophil
2. Agranulocyte - Lymphocyte and Monocytes

Which leukocyte is most abundant, and which is least abundant?

Most - Neutrophil

Least - Basophil

Function of Granulocytes?

Phagocytic - engulf other cells

Function of Eosinophils?

Allergies, Asthma, and general immune response

Function of Basophils?

Release Histamines (vasodilator) in response to foreign bodies.

Histamines change diameter of blood vessels, dilate to get bigger, faster flow of blood to infected site.

Which leukocyte releases a histamine. What type of leukocyte is it?

Basophil - Granulocyte

Name the two types of lymphocytes and their function.

1. T lymphocytes (T cells) - fight against virus infected cells and tumor cells
2. B - lymphocytes (B cells) - antibody producing cells

Function of Monocytes?

* Leave circulation and enter tissue
* Macrophages (big eaters)
* Phagocytic
* Activate lymphocytes

All leukocytes are made from which stem cell?

Hemapoietic Stem Cell

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakarocytes...

Platelets

What are the granules within platelets?

1. Seratonin
2. Calcium
3. Enzymes
4. ADP
5. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

Thrombopoietin's function is...

Regulation of the formation of platelets

Hemoglobin binds \_____________ and \_____________

O2 and CO2

Structure of Hemoglobin

* Central iron (4 on each) --> O2
* Oxyhemoglobin (lungs)
* Globin chains (amino acids) --> CO2
* Deoxyhemoglobin (lungs)

Where are RBC made?

Bone marrow

Anemia is known as a \_____________

Low hematocrit

Erythropoiesis is synonymous to?

Hematopoiesis

Too few RBC causes?

Tissue Hypoxia

Increased blood viscosity is a result of?

Too many RBC

What could cause a strain on the heart?

\-Increased blood viscosity

\-Tissue hypoxia

What is EPO?

Erythropoietin - Hormone involved in controlling erythropoiesis. Stimulates RBC production.

EPO is released from the \_____________.

Kidneys

Why do males have a higher RBC count?

Males have higher testosterone levels.

Testosterone is a stimulus for the production of EPO, which stimulates erythropoiesis.

Mechanism for RBC regulation:

1.\_____________________

2. Kidney releases EPO

3.\____________________

4.\____________________

5. O2 ability of blood rises

6. Homeostasis restored

1. Tissue hypoxia

3. EPO stimulates red bone marrow

4. Enhanced erythropoiesis, increased RBC count

True or False: Insufficient hemoglobin will not cause tissue hypoxia

False

True or False: There is a higher risk of stroke at lower altitudes?

False

Low oxygen level in the air causes what type of hypoxia?

Environmental hypoxia

What substance causes these effects?

- Rapid maturation of committed marrow cells

- Increased circulating RBC

- Speeds up erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin

What happens to old RBC?

Engulfed by Macrophages

Broken down for globin and iron

Expelled in waste

\

\

What is an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile?

Bilirubin

Name the four types of anemia.

1. Renal Anemia - Kidneys do not secrete EPO
2. Hemolytic Anemia - Premature lysis of RBC
3. Aplastic Anemia - Impairment of red bone marrow
4. Thalassemia - one globin chain absent or faulty

BONUS: Sickle cell anemia - Incorrect amino acid in globin beta chain

Polycythemia Vera

Bone cancer in which too many RBC are produced (increased viscosity of blood)

Secondary polycythemia

Increased EPO production in response to chronic tissue hypoxia

What are three methods of increasing RBC count artificially?

1. Blood doping - removal of blood to cause tissue hypoxia, reinjected to increase RBC count.
2. Artificial EPO injections
3. Testosterone shots

What does aspirin inhibit?

Thromboxine A2

Hemostasis is a series of reactions for \______________________

The stoppage of bleeding

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug
3. Coagulation

Constricts the diameter of the blood vessel (lessens flow of blood).

Vasoconstriction

What is the Von Willebrand Factor?

Glycoprotein used in the clotting process for platelets to bind to and for a clot.

As platelets become activated in the clotting process, what do they release?

Release serotonin, ADP, and thromboxane A2 which will call more platelets to activate and bind at the site of injury.

Also signals to continue vasoconstriction.

\

During homeostasis, why do endothelial cells secrete to prevent platelets from sticking together?

* Nitric Oxide (NO)
* Protsacylin (PGI2)

Aggregation is when

Platelets stick together (platelet adhesion)

Von Willabrand Factor stabilizes sticking

How many pathways are there in Coagulation?

Two - Intrinsic and extrinsic

\_______________ stabilizes platelet plug

Fibrin

Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation

Clotting factor activated by exposed collagen fibers and activates platelets

\-Negatively charged surfaces in vessel

Extrinsic Pathway of Coagulation

Activated by substances released by damaged tissues

\-Tissue Factor (TF)/ Factor III

\-Faster

What are the three phases of coagulation?

1. Prothrombin activator formation
2. Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen --> Fibrin

What occurs during clot refraction and vessel repair?

\-Actin and myosin in platelets contract

\-Contraction pulls fibrin strands, serum squeezed out

\-Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) causes division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts

\-Fibroblasts rebuild outer blood vessel walls

\-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) restore endothelial lining

Fibrinolysis

Removes unneeded clots after healing

What enzyme removes unneeded clots?

Plasmin (Plasminogen is inactive form)

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot

What is an Embolus?

Free floating clot

What is an embolism?

Blood clot blocking flow

What is thrombocytopenia

Deficient number of circulating platelets

Solution: Treated with a transfusion

What is petechiae?

Bruising that appears to widespread, spontaneous hemorrhage.

What is the result of being unable to synthesize procoagulants?

\-Unable to complete phase 1 of coagulation.

\-Impaired liver function (made in liver)

\-Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis

Hemophilia A

Missing Factor VIII

Hemophilia B

Missing Factor IX

Hemophilia C

Missing Factor XI

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

\-Widespread clotting in intact vessels

\-Severe bleeding

\-Unable to clot

\-Inhibits body's ability to clot due to usage of resources

What is a "packed RBC transfusion?"

Only RBC, no plasma or WBC

Different blood groups are a result of different \_______________ on RBC?

glycoproteins (antigens)

Antigens that are a promoter of agglutination are called?

Agglutinogens

Antibodies that bind to antigens result in \_______________

Agglutination

True or False: Antibodies cause cells to lyse.

False

What is an Agglutinin?

Antibody

Where do antibodies have differences in shape?

The variable region

True or False: The stem (constant) region does not differ

False - IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

Which blood type is the universal donor?

O-

Which blood type is the universal receiver?

AB+

What is the Rh factor?

Rhesus Factor, type of antigen (D antigen)

True or False: A health care provider always assumes that - patient has received + blood in the past.

True

What can an incorrect blood transfusion result in?

\-Diminished O2 carrying capacity

\-Rupture and release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream --> Renal failure

\-Blocked vessels

True or false: IgM can pass through the placenta

False