HOSA Pathophysiology

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis

taking a fluid sample between the 15th and the 16th week of pregnancy to diagnose congenital anomalies

Bicornate uterus

a uterus having two horns or horn-shaped branches

Neonate

newborn baby

Dysplasia

marked by abnormal adult cells

Muscular dystrophy

progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles

Dystrophy

condition produced by faulty nutrition

Contractures

immobility of muscles or a joint caused by shortening or wasting of tissue or muscle fibers

Electromyography

an electrodiagnostic assessment of the activity of the skeletal muscles

Meninges

Covering around the brain and the spinal cord

Anecephalic

No cranial vault and little cerebral tissue

Foramen Ovale

opening in the septum between the right and left atria of the fetal heart

Acyanotic

absence of a bluish appearance of the skin and mucous membranes

Adenosarcoma

a cancerous gland like tumor such as wilms' tumor

Ataxic

uncoordinated gait associated with pathology of the central nervous system

Azoospermia

an absence of spermatozoa in the seaman

Dysplasia

marked by abnormal adult cells

Electromyography

an electrodiagnosis assessment of the activity of skeletal muscles

Meconium

the first stool of a newborn, greenish black with a tarry consistency

Pylorus

the narrow part of the stomach toward the duodenum

Stenosis

narrowing of an opening

Tachypnea

rapid and shallow breathing

Trisomy

one or more than the normal number of chromosomes

Anticholinesterase

any enzyme that counteracts in the presence of choline esters

Autoimmune

an immune response resulting in the presence of self-antigens or auto-antigens of certain body cells

Candidiasis

(moniliasis) white, cheesy, curdlike patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infection

Collagen

A protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. Tissues with a lot of collagen fibers are typically very strong, e.g. bone, tendons, ligaments, etc.

Hematopoietic

pertaining to the production and the development of blood cells or a substance that stimulates their production

Hypogammaglobulinemia

a below normal concentration of gamma globulin in the blood associated with a decreased resistance to infection

Immunocompetent

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency

the diminished ability of the immune system to react with appropriate cellular immunity response

Immunoelectrophoresis

technique used to separate and allow identification of complex proteins

Immunogen

an antigen

Immunoglobulin

protein that can act as an antibody

Immunosuppressive

having the property of suppressing the bodys immune response to antigens

Keratoconjunctivitis

dryness of the conjunctiva resulting from a decrease in lacrimal function

Lymph

a mostly clear, colorless, transparent, alkaline fluid found within the lymphatic vessels; formed in tissues throughout the body

Lymphadenopathy

disease of the lymphnodes

Lymphocyte

one of two types of (B Cells & T Cells) of leukocytes found in blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissue

Macrophage

a monocyte bloodcell

Phagocytes

cells that digest particles

Phagocytosis

the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles

Acidosis

pathologic disease resulting from an abnormal level of hydrogen ions (decrease in pH)

Corticotropin

hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Epiphyseal

the long end of a bone where bone growth occurs

Gonadotropin

hormone that stimulates the testes and the ovaries to function

Hyperglycemia

an increase in the normal blood glucose level

Hyperkalemia

a greater than normal amount of calcium in the blood

Hypocalcemia

low calcium levels in the blood

Hypothalamus

portion of the diencephalon of the brain

Panhypopituitarism

condition in which the entire pituitary gland ceases to function and is not producing any pituitary hormones

Polydipsia

excessive thirst

Polyphagia

excessive eating (me)

Polyuria

excreation of abnormally large amounts of urine

Pruritus

itching

Radioimmunoassay

radiology used to detect the concentration of the antigen or the antibody or any other protein in the serum

Somatotropin

growth hormone (GH) secreted by the anterior pituitary

Thyrotoxicosis

a toxic condition caused by hyperactivity of the thyroid gland

Thyrotropin

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroxine

Also called thryoid hormone, thyroxine is produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland. it targets all cells in the body and increases overall body metabolism.

Triiodothyronine

hormone that helps regulate growth and development, metabolism, and body temperature

Vasopressin

ADH. Increases blood volume. Secreted by Posterior pituitary in response to increased plasma osmolarity. Diaretics make you pee ADH - no pee. ADH stimulates reabsorption of H2O by kidnesy. Decreased urine volume, Increased blood volume and Increased Blood pressure.

Amblyopia

reduced vision in an eye without a detectable organic lesion

Blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelids

Cryotherapy

the therapeutic use of cold

Diplopia

double vision

Iridotomy

incision into the iris (usually with a laser) to allow drainage of aqueous humor from the posterior to anterior chamber; used to treat a type of glaucoma

Macula

a small spot or colored area

Meibomian

a sebaceous gland on the posterior margin of each eyelid

Myringotomy

surgical incision of the eardrum preformed to release fluid or pus from the middle ear

Otoscopy

visual examination of the ear using an otoscope

Retinopathy

refers to non-inflammatory eye disorders

Seborrhea

the excessive secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands

Sebum

only secretion from sebaceous glands

Tinnitus

ringing or buzzing in the ears

Tonometry

measure of intraocular pressure

Tympanoplasty

Surgical repair of the eardrum

Vertigo

loss of equilibrium or sensation of instability, dizziness

Bulla

A fluid-filled blister that is greater than 1 cm in diameter and contains non-purulent ("clear") exudate.

Cellulitis

an acute, diffuse, spreading, infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Comedo

a blackhead; as seen in achne

Dermatome

a configured zone of skin innervated by a spinal cord segment

Electrodesiccation

Tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark.

Erythema

redness or inflammation of the skin produced by capillary congestion

Exudate

fluid, cells, or cellular debris that have oozed into the tissue because of injury or swelling

Exudative

fluid, cells, or cellular debris that have oozed into the tissue because of injury or swelling

Fissure

a crack or groove on a surface

Keratolytic

substance that causes shedding of the skin

Keratosis

a skin lesion where there is overgrowth and thickening of a cornifield epithelium

Nevus

(mole) circumscribed skin lesion due to excess melanocytes

Papule

a circular area on the skin that is reddened and elevated

Plaques

mounds of fat, mixed with minerals, that build up along artery walls in atherosclerosis.

Sebaceous

Oil glands of the skin.

Vesicle

a small, blisterlike elevation of the skin containing clear fluid

Vesicular

Breath sounds: found over most of lung tissue. Found over lung periphery. Low pitched, soft breezy sound.

Wheal

a smooth, round, elevated area of the skin with red edges and a white center, usually accompanied by itching; hives

Avulsion

separation of a body part by tearing

Bursae

A closed sac lined with a synovial membrane and filled with fluid, usually found in areas subject to friction, such as where a tendon passes over a bone.

Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the C-cells of the thyroid gland that decreases serum calcium levels. It targets the bones (stimulates osteoblasts), the kidneys (reduces calcium reabsorption), and the small intestine (decreases calcium absorption).

Crepitation

dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

Fascia

a fiberous membrane that covers, seperates, and supports the muscles