Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)

Dutch philosopher known for his work on substance, rationalism, and emotions

Substance theory

All existence is contained in one substance, which can be called God, universe, or nature

Attributes of substance

Substance has two attributes: Extension (objective) and Thought (subjective)

Extension

Physical attribute of a substance; linked to the physical world

Thought

Mental attribute of a substance; linked to thinking and consciousness

Universal rule

Spinoza believed there is a universal rule that applies to everything in existence

Rationalist view

Ideas and objects are two sides of the same nature; the mind corresponds to the material world

Emotions and regret

Spinoza argued that living by emotions leads to more regrets

Reason for actions

Spinoza emphasized asking, "What is the reason to do or not to do this?"

Psychology approach

Scholars should act like mathematicians—unbiased and rational in studying mental abilities and emotions

Cognitive therapy

Believed people are too emotional and must think rationally to avoid mistakes