intro to rad tech: final preperation!

- adler ch. 1-10, lamp ch. 1

What is the purpose of ionization in diagnostic imaging?

separation of atoms or molecules, which can then recombine with other molecules.

What are the direct effects of ionization?

break down DNA structure, particularly in rapidly dividing tissues and germ cells.

What forms of electromagnetic energy are used for imaging?

- X-rays (radiography, C, fluoroscopy)

- radio frequency waves (MRI)

- gamma radiation (nuclear medicine)

What is the significance of the electromagnetic spectrum in imaging?

Placement on the spectrum is related to frequency and wavelength; higher frequency corresponds to shorter wavelengths, which penetrate tissues better.

What is radiography?

electromagnetic energy in the form of X-rays to create medical images.

Who is considered the father of western medicine?

Hippocrates is considered the father of western medicine.

What major discovery did Louis Pasteur make?

Louis Pasteur discovered the role of germs in the disease process.

What was the impact of the Black Death on medicine?

resulted in the death of 50 million people and a regression in medical knowledge due to the control of medicine by the church.

What did William Harvey contribute to medicine?

He laid the foundation of modern medicine by describing the circulatory system and the function of the heart.

What was Edward Jenner known for?

He introduced the first vaccine to treat smallpox by intentionally infecting his child with cowpox.

What did Alexander Fleming discover?

penicillin, an antibiotic. was accidentally from bread mold.

What did James Watson and Francis Crick achieve?

Nobel Prize in 1962 for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule.

What was Wilhelm Röntgen's contribution to radiology?

the first series of radiographs, discovering X-rays while experimenting with glass cathode tubes.

What is a heterogeneous beam in radiography?

refers to x-ray beams that vary in energy and can create different contrasts in images.

What is the historical significance of antibiotics and vaccines discovered in the 20th century?

They revolutionized medicine by providing effective treatments for bacterial infections and preventing diseases.

How did the Romans contribute to public health?

through the construction of sewers, water aqueducts, hospitals, and baths.

What is the relationship between the frequency of electromagnetic waves and their penetration ability?

Higher frequency waves have shorter wavelengths and can penetrate tissues more effectively.

what is the lowest level of organization?

chemical level

fill in the blank: - various chemicals in the form of molecules are organized to form _____.

cells

what is the basic structural and functional unit of all living tissues?

cells

what structure of organization performs specific functions?

tissues

what are the 4 basic types of tissue?

- epithelial - connective - muscular - nervous

define epithelial tissue?

tissues that cover internal/external surfaces of body

what is connective tissue?

supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures

assemblies of tissues are joined to perform a specific function is the result of an ______.

organ

what is the level of organization, organism?

10 systems of the body functioning together to make up a total organism

how many bones in the skeletal system?

206

Name the two divisions of the human skeletal system

- axial skeleton - appendicular skeleton

what is the axial skeleton?

all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body

how many bones in the adult axial skeleton?

80 bones

what is the appendicular skeleton?

all bones of the upper/lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles

what does the appendicular skeleton attach to?

axial skeleton

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126 bones

what kind of bone is this? - small oval-shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons

sesamoid bones

what is the largest sesamoid bone?

patella

where are sesamoid bones most commonly found?

in tendons near anterior surface of hand at the base of thumb

where are long bones found?

in the appendicular skeleton

what is compact bone?

outer shell of most bones composed of hard/dense bone tissue

what is the function of compact bone?

protect and support entire bone

what are short bones and where is it found?

roughly cuboidal bones found in wrist and ankles

what are flat bones?

bones that are flat - EX: calvaria

what are irregular bones?

bones that have an irregular shape

which bones contain red bone marrow that produce red blood cells?

flat and irregular bones - sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis

what is the difference between structural and functional joints

functional joint: in relation to their mobility

structural joint: tissue that separates the ends of bones

define the functional joints, synarthrosis

immovable

define the functional joint, amphiarthrosis

joint with limited movement

define the functional joints, diarthosis

freely movable joint

what are the fibrous joints (structural joint)?

- syndesmosis

- suture

- gomphosis

what are the cartilaginous joints (structural joints)?

- symphysis

- synchondrosis

what is the synovial joint movement of a plane (gliding) joint? how much movement does it permit?

- sliding or gliding motion

- least amount of movement between all synovial joints

what kind of synovial joint movement are ginglymus (hinge) joints?

flexion and extension movements only

what kind of movement does the synovial joint pivot (trochoid) joint permit?

rotational movement around a single axis

what kind of movement does the synovial joint ellipsoid (condylar) joint permit?

- circumduction four-dimensional movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

what kind of movement does the synovial joint saddle (seller) joint permit?

- flexion

- extension

- abduction

- adduction

what is the best example of a true saddle joint?

first metacarpal joint of the thumb

what kind of movement does the synovial joint ball and socket (spheroidal) joint permit?

- flexion/extension

- abduction/adduction

- circumduction

- medial/lateral rotation

what kind of movement does the synovial joint bicondylar joint permit?

flexion/extenstion with limited rotation

define body habitus

build, physique, and general shape of human body

what is the body habitus, sthenic? what percent of the population has this body habitus?

average in shape and internal organ location.

- 50 % of population

what is the body habitus, hyposthenic? what percent of the population have this body habitus?

slenderer than the sthenic body habitus

- 35% of population

what is the body habitus hypersthenic? what percent of the population has this body habitus?

broad frame compared to sthenic

- 5% of population

what is the body habitus asthenic? what percent of the population has this body habitus?

thin and slender with long, narrow build - 10% of population

define a bariatric patient

patient with obesity

why should a technologist consider the patients body habitus?

to adjust imaging receptor accordingly to their body habitus

if a patient has a hypostenic or astheic body habitus, how should the image receptor be placed?

portrait (lengthwise)

if a patient has a hyperstenic body habitus, how should the IR be placed?

landscape

what does radiologic positioning refer to?

study of patient positioning for radiographic demonstration

define radiograph

image of patients anatomic parts

define radiography

process of producing a radiograph

define image receptor

device that responds to ionizing radiation to create the radiographic image

define central ray

centermost portion of x-ray beam emitted from x-ray tube

what are the 5 general functions of a radiographic examination?

1. position body part and align with IR and CR

2. apply radiation protection measures 3. selection of exposure factors

4. instruction to patient related to respiration of xray exposure

5. processing of IR or digital processing systems

what is the general rule in viewing radiographs?

display them as if patient were facing you

what is the sagittal plane?

divides body into left and right parts

what is the coronal plane?

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

what is the midcoronal plane?

divides body into equal anterior and posterior parts

what is the horizontal (axial/transverse) plane?

divides body into inferior and superior parts

what is the oblique plane?

transverse plane that is at an angle or slant

what is the base plane?

transverse from infraorbital margins to superior margin of external auditory meatus

what is the occusal plane?

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaw closed