Gov. Air Test Prep

Negotiation

A process of settling differences through a discussion of issues.

Consensus Building

Process of working toward achieving general agreement within a group.

Persuasion

Process of inducing (convincing) others into accepting a point of view by means of reasoning and argumentation.

Compromise

Process of making concessions (giving something up) to settle differences.

John G. Roberts Jr.

chief justice of supreme court

presidential primary election

Most states take the vote 6-9 months before general election for preferred candidate

domestic policy

(Internal) decisions made directly for the country and how decisions will directly affect the people

Foreign policy

(External) Actions that a state acts on to other states

Government deficit

Government spending exceeds its revenue, increasing gov. debt

discount rate

Percentage interest to charge banks for government loans. High percent rate is less loans to the bank.

poll taxes

Disenfranchised people did not have the opportunity to vote because of lack of money or being black. Deprived of the 14th amendment.

electoral college

The process of using electors comes from the Constitution. It was a compromise between a popular vote by citizens and a vote in Congress.

reconstruction amendments

13th, 14th, 15th. followed after the Civil War to abolish slavery, granted citizenship, and extended voting rights to black men.

bill of rights

first 10 amendments. spells out americans’ rights on relation to the government. tried to help with convincing federalists for a national government

rule of law

emphasizes that laws should be public, equally enforced and accessible to all. HELPS SOCIETY’S WELL-BEING + economic growth.

federalist v antifederalist

Federalists—stronger national government

Anti—Powerful states-national government is too much power

suffrage/voting

15th—black men rights, 19th—women rights, 24th—no poll taxes, 26th—lowered age.

articles of confederation

Weak central government; power within states. Led to Constitutional Convention

preamble

outlines goals for the Constitution

presidential

12th—presidential and vice presidential elections, 20th—presidential term and succession, 22nd—term limits, 25th—presidential disabililty and succession

prohibition

18th—prohibiting transportation/sales of intoxicating liquors, 21st—ended prohibition of alcohol.

amendment ratification

¾ of states to ratify. 2/3 in both the House and Senate.

gridlock

difficulty passing laws that satisfy the needs of people. The ratio between bills passed and the agenda of the legislature decreases.

special duties of the house/senate

House: impeach gov. official. Senate: conduct impeachment trials.

bicameral legislature

two separate chambers or houses (upper and lower house). Checks and balances for legislation.

progressive

16th—levy a federal income tax, 17th—direct election of senators, 18th—prohibited transportation for alcohol, 19th—women’s right to vote.

articles of the constitution

7 articles that establish the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, federalism, amendment process

Election of 1800

Electoral college tie. Jefferson and Burr. In effort to change, 12th amendment was adopted.

Incorporation

Extends to the states; bill of rights. Due Process clause; 14 amendment.

Lame duck phase

20th amendment. After the honeymoon phase.

two terms

22nd amendment

vietnam war

26th amendment. 18 years of age to vote.

19th

women’s right to vote

mcculloch v maryland

necessary and proper clause

marbury v madison

judicial review

16th

levy a federal income tax

17th

direct election for senators

18th

prohibited transportation for alcohol

21st

Ended prohibition of alcohol in the U.S.

24th

elimination on poll taxes

25th

procedures for presidential succession

26th

Lowered the voting age

27th

forbids any changes of salary of Congress members from taking effect

5th

protects citizens from self-incrimination/double jeopardy. due process

6th

speedy and public trial

7th

the right to a jury trial in civil cases

8th

no cruel or unusual punishment

9th

enumerated/implied powers

10th

reserved powers not delegated to the gov or people

11th

states cannot be sued in federal court by citizens of another state or by foreign citizens

12th

president and vice president elections

13th

abolished slavery

14th

grants citizenship to people born or naturalized in the U.S. Equal protection under law

15th

prohibits governments from denying citizens the right to vote based on persona.

16th

grants congress the power to levy and collect income taxes on individuals

17th

direct election for U.S. senators by the voters of states