Cluster 4 PCM RADTECH Philippines

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Last updated 1:04 PM on 11/7/24
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254 Terms

1
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Autonomy

refers to the right of all persons to make rational decisions free from external pressures

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Beneficince

all acts must be meant to attain a good result or be beneficial

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Confidentiality

refers to the concept of privacy

4
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Double effect

refers to the fact that some actions may produce both a good and a bad effect

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Fidelity

Loyalty. refers to the duty to fulfil one's commitments and applies to keeping promises both stated and implied

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Justice

refers to all persons being treated equally or receiving equal benefits according to need

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Non-maleficence

Do no harm. refers to the duty to abstain from inflicting harm and also to prevent harm

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Paternalism

refers to the attitude that sometimes prompts health care workers to make decisions regarding a person's care without consulting the person affected

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Sanctity of life

refers to the belief that life is the highest good and nobody has the right to judge that another person's quality of life is so poor that his life is not of value and should be terminated

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Truthfulness/Veracity

refers to honesty in all aspects of one's professional life

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Respect of Property

refers to keeping the belongingness of patients safe and taking care not to be careless with or intentionally damage or waste equipment or supplies with which one works

12
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Law

rules of conduct established and enforced by the authority, legislation, or custom of a given community or group.

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Jurisprudence

Science of law

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Statutory Law -

Laws that are derived from legislative enactment.

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Common Law

usually results from judicial decisions.

16
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Criminal Law

offense against society or a member of society. Person, property, public.

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Civil law

another person's private legal rights have been violated. Person, property.

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Felony

a crime of a serious nature that is punished by imprisonment for more than 1 year

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Misdemeanor

a crime of a less serious nature punished by a fine or imprisonment for less than 1 year

20
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Tort

involves personal injury or damage resulting in civil action or litigation to obtain reparation for damages incurred

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Unintentional tort

may be committed when a radiographer is negligent in performance of patient care and the patient is injured as a result

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Intentional tort

a purposeful deed, such as defaming a colleague's character of committing battery

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Intent

Most important element of dolo

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Negligence

Most important element of culpa

25
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Battery

may be charged by a patient to whom the radiographer has administered treatment against the patient's will

26
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Good Samaritan Laws

enacted to protect persons who give medical aid to persons in emergency situations from civil or criminal liability for their actions or omissions under these circumstances.

27
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State Law -

vary, but generally, any radiographer who stops to render aid at the scene of an accident is not held liable for any adverse results of his actions.

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10,000-40,000

Penal provision RA 7431 Monetary

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1 year- 6 years

Penal provision RA 7431 Time in Prison

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Supervision

Sec 12 RA 7431

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Rules and regulation

Sec 13 RA 7431

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Annual Report

Section 14 RA 7431

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Honesty and Dignity

A Rad. Tech who is acting in accord with the Rad. Tech code of ethics must treat all patients and co-workers as human beings who have:

34
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Jurisprudence

science or philosophy of law

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Atty. oscar romero

late professor of ethics and jurisprudence and author of the creed of Radiologic Technology?

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Luis M. Ibarra

Who is the distinguished professor and prominent radiologic technologist in the Philippines was awarded Outstanding Professional in the field of Radiologic Technology by the Professional Regulation Commission in 1999

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Hermogenes Pobre

PRC Commissioner when RA 7431 was passed

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Jack Lappay

Who was the incumbent president of the Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologist, Inc., when R.A. 7431 was approved

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6y

What is the maximum period of imprisonment-imposed in Radiologic Technology profession as defined in section 26 of R.A. 74317 to illegal practitioner of Radiologic

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40k php

How much is the maximum penalty imposed to illegal practitioner of Radiologic Technology profession as defined in section 25 of R.A. 7431?

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Perjury

legal term for telling a lie under oath

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Private and Civil Law

Laws that regulate relationship among people

43
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Criminal Law

What is a branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment

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Revised Penal Code

Criminal law is punished by the:

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House of congress

The body who is responsible in having RA 7431 deliberated and subsequently passed into a law:

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RA

A set of laws governing the practice of a particular profession emanates from congress:

47
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Invasion of privacy

discussing patient information with a friend outside the medical setting

48
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Respondeat Superior

holds that the employer is responsible for the acts of Radiographers

49
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Ethics

study of standard of conducts and moral judgement and values upon which standards are based.

50
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Statutory Law

laws enacted by congressional or local legislative bodies

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Rules and regulations

written contract to one party guarantees to insure another against specific loss or damage

52
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Deceit

fraudulent withholding or misrepresenting of facts whereby a person is misled to his injury

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Misdemeanor

criminal offenses which does not in law amount to the grade of felony

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Murder

unlawful killing of a human being with intent to kill is called?

55
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Public law

Kinds of law that regulate the relationship between individuals and government

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Constitution

expresses the categorical laws of the country:

57
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Breach of contract

If you entered a contract and failed to perform your duty or obligation or abandoned your duty, you could be charged with

58
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Voidable contract

consent wherein of one party is defective either because of incapacity to give consent, or where the consent is vitiated by mistake, violence, intimidation, undue influence or fraud.

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Libel

Writing non-factual information on a patient's chart is an example of

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Dolo or deceit

There is _______ when the criminal act is performed with deliberate intent

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Fault or culpa

When the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skills then there is:

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Motive

moving power which impels one to action for a definite result

63
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Frustrated

A felony is when the offender performs all the acts of execution which should produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.

64
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Intent

Which of the following is not an element of culpable felonies?

65
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Attempted

This takes place when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.

66
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Imprudence or negligence

Which of the following is NOT an element of crimes committed by means of dolo or deceit?

67
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Intentional felony

It is an act or omission which is malicious or has the intent to do an injury.

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Law

A rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state commanding what is right and prohibiting what is wrong.

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Intent

It is the purpose to use a particular means to effect such result. It is an essential element of a crime.

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Mistake of fact

It is the misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused injury to another. This is absolute in the crime of dolo.

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Impossible crime

An act would be an offense against person or property were if not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.

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Justifying

act done within legal bounds, hence not considered as a crime.

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Frustrated

When the offender performs all the acts and execution which would produce a felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason or causes independent of the will of the perpetrator is termed as:

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System theory

Which management philosophy focuses on the performance and interaction of the people in the organization

75
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Call px name and check px arm id

What should you do ensure that you have the
correct in patient waiting for a radiographic
procedure

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Log rolling

Which movement is recommended during the transfer of a patient with low back trauma or discomfort

77
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Cross table lateral

Projection done for possible spinal fx

78
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Lesser to greater infected

Proper way of disinfecting an area

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Greater to lesser infected

Proper way of disinfecting skin of px

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Skin flushing

Excessive dilation of the surface blood vessels or
binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin (which causes it to look oxygenated, even when it is not) causes which of the following occurrences?

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RA 10912

CPD law RA

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Congenital heart failure

The diagnostic term that means inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supple tissues and organs is which of the following

83
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A safety belt or sling

What should a radiographer grasp to guard a patient during transfers

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COG of standing person

Sacral segment 2

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Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

Define HEMOTHORAX

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Hc worker hand

most likely means of transmitting infection between patients

87
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60c, 12v / min

the compression/ventilation (C/V) ratio for two rescuers on older children and adults is __.

88
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Spleen

lymphoid organ
that is a reservoir for red blood cells and filter
organisms from the blood

89
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Advanced Directive

Explicit instructions and guidelines regarding

90
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Expressed consent

describes the situation in which an assumption is made that a conscious patient gave consent to undergo an x-ray examination of the abdomen

91
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Away from you

OR procedure, you were asked to open a wrapped sterile package by the scrub nurse. Which direction should the top flap be opened?

92
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Feb 27, 1992

BORT creation

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Erap

president who proclaimed the establishment of the National Radiologic Technology Week

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Tertiary care

most complex level of care and is required for conditions that relatively uncommon

95
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Px attending physician

Who must be notified immediately of physical or drug-induced restraints used for a patient

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Directing

Giving orders and promoting an understanding of what is to be done are activities of what

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Be an advocate to provide quality px care

What is the radiographer's foremost duty to
patients as a health care professional

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Carotid artery of neck

best location to check the pulse of an adult who is unconscious and not breathing

99
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Resolution No. 2013-774 Series of 2013

resolution is known as the Continuing Professional Development Program Guideline or the CPD Guidelines

100
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Libel

malicious writing of facts causing injury to the
honor and reputation of another person is __

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism ‱ During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. ‱ Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined ‱ The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. ‱ As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. ‱ Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision ‱ The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. ‱ The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. ‱ The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? ‱ Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism ‱ There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory ‱ Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. ‱ The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin ‱ Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric ‱ Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. ‱ Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. ‱ Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. ‱ Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious ‱ Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. ‱ With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. ‱ Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. ‱ Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political ‱ Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. ‱ It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. ‱ Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. ‱ Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. ‱ The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic ‱ With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. ‱ Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. ‱ Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism ‱ Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. ‱ Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. ‱ Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. ‱ Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism ‱ Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. ‱ Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. ‱ Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. ‱ Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. ‱ Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. ‱ Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. ‱ Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. ‱ Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? ‱ Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? ‱ Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. ‱ Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? ‱ Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. ‱ Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism ‱ Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. ‱ The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. ‱ It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? ‱ Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. ‱ By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. ‱ Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? ‱ European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. ‱ Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. ‱ Spain colonized central and South America. ‱ French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. ‱ The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. ‱ The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism ‱ As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: ‱ This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism ‱ By 1800, colonialism became less popular ‱ Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again ‱ Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. ‱ The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism ‱ During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. ‱ Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined ‱ The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. ‱ As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. ‱ Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision ‱ The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. ‱ The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. ‱ The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? ‱ Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism ‱ There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory ‱ Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. ‱ The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin ‱ Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric ‱ Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. ‱ Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. ‱ Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. ‱ Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious ‱ Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. ‱ With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. ‱ Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. ‱ Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political ‱ Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. ‱ It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. ‱ Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. ‱ Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. ‱ The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic ‱ With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. ‱ Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. ‱ Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism ‱ Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. ‱ Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. ‱ Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. ‱ Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism ‱ Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. ‱ Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. ‱ Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. ‱ Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. ‱ Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. ‱ Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. ‱ Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. ‱ Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? ‱ Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? ‱ Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. ‱ Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? ‱ Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. ‱ Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism ‱ Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. ‱ The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. ‱ It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? ‱ Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. ‱ By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. ‱ Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? ‱ European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. ‱ Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. ‱ Spain colonized central and South America. ‱ French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. ‱ The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. ‱ The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism ‱ As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: ‱ This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism ‱ By 1800, colonialism became less popular ‱ Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again ‱ Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. ‱ The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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