What are the 3 criteria that help deviate abnormal behaviour from normal behaviour?
it is behaviour that is:
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only one out of three needs to be present for the behaviour to be labeled as “abnormal”, but typically two are present. If the behaviour persists then it may lead to the diagnosis of a psychological disorder.
What does it mean when abnormal behaviour is deviant?
it deviates from what it is acceptable in culture BUT context of a behaviour may determine whether it is deviant or not
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FOR EX. a woman washing her hands four times a day and showering seven times a day is abnormal because it deviates from what is considered acceptable, but context matters in the sense that she could be working in a sterile lab with live viruses or radioactive material which makes her behaviour quite acceptable now
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What are the 3 criteria that help deviate abnormal behaviour from normal behaviour?
it is behaviour that is:
\
only one out of three needs to be present for the behaviour to be labeled as “abnormal”, but typically two are present. If the behaviour persists then it may lead to the diagnosis of a psychological disorder.
What does it mean when abnormal behaviour is deviant?
it deviates from what it is acceptable in culture BUT context of a behaviour may determine whether it is deviant or not
\
FOR EX. a woman washing her hands four times a day and showering seven times a day is abnormal because it deviates from what is considered acceptable, but context matters in the sense that she could be working in a sterile lab with live viruses or radioactive material which makes her behaviour quite acceptable now
What does it mean when abnormal behaviour is maladaptive?
that means it interferes with a person’s ability to function effectively in the world BUT context matters when evaluating adaptive and maladaptive.
FOR EX. man who believes that he can endanger people by his breathing would go to great lengths to separate himself from people for their own good.
context matters in this case because if there was a global pandemic, COVID-19, his behaviour would be rational and adaptive
What does it mean when behaviour involves person distress over a long period of time?
the person engaging in the behaviour finds it troubling.
What is the biological approach to mental disorders?
it focuses primarily on the brain, genetics and neurotransmitter function as the sources behind abnormality.
What is the medical model?
the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin
What is the psychological approach to abnormal behaviour?
it emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders
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FOR EX. they might focus on how your childhood or personality traits influences your mental disorders
How do behavioural psychologists and cognitive psychologists differ in the way they might take the psychological approach to mental disorders?
What approach does the sociocultural approach take to mental disorders?
How can cultural norms be mistaken?
such norms can be limiting, oppressive, and prejudicial
How do psychological disorders “change” across cultures?
some cultures have different ideas of what it means to be normal and abnormal so the chapter reflects on mainly Western ideas of normal and tries to keep in mind that this would differ depending on country
What does the sociocultural perspective stress?
the ways that culture influence the understanding and treatment of psychological disorders
Can disorders be culture-related? (Figure 14.1)
Yes
Besides culture, what else do psychologists focus on besides the effect of sociocultural factors on psychological disorders?
Social factors like gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and family relationships
What is the biopsychosocial model?
it combines all the approaches previously discussed to contribute to our understanding of mental illness (or medical diseases)
Do all factors operate alone according to the biopsychosocial perspective?
they can, but they usually combine AND they are all equally important to producing abnormal and normal behaviour
Why do we need to consider the factors together and interaction?
What approach does the biopsychosocial model take to treatement?
What is the vulnerability-stress hypothesis (diathesis-stress model)?
What is one way psychologists examine these processes?
studying the interactions between genetic characteristics and environmental circumstances (G x E)
What are pros and cons of diagnosing someone?
What is the DSM-5?
the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in North America.
What is the first critique of DSM-5?
it treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses, taking an overly biological view of conditions that may have their roots in social experience (continues to reflect to reflect medical model, neglecting factors such as poverty, unemployment and trauma)
What is the 2nd critique of DSM?
it focuses too much on weaknesses rather than strengths
What are the other critiques of DSM-5?
Why does it matter that there are critiques on DSM-5?
What disorders have changes in DSM-5 and what are the changes and the sources of concern?
Check figure 14.2 on page 542
What is the autism spectrum disorder?
Why do people with autism have different severities and symptoms?
Is the amount of people with autism increasing?
yes
What is somatic symptom disorder and why did it change?
What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
What is the different between anxiety and fear?
we are adapted to fear and not anxiety
What are anxiety disorders?
disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
What are the most common anxiety disorder?
What were the two disorders that were under anxiety in the DSM-5, but isn’t part of it anymore?
Why do we need diagnosis / DSM-IV in the first place?
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
an anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety
Can people with GAD worry a lot?
yes, they worry even to the point where it takes a physical toll like fatigue, muscle tension, stomach problems and difficulty sleeping
What are the biological factors that play a role in generalized anxiety disorder?
What are the psychological and sociocultural factors that play a role in generalized anxiety disorder?
What is panic disorder?
an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
What is panic disorder (described in lecture)?
What is agoraphobia?
What are some typical agoraphobic situations?
any place in public
How do you get rid of panic disorders?
extinction method
What is the criteria for a panic attack?
discrete period of intense fear/discomfort in which at least 4 symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes
What is a cued vs. uncued panic attack?
cued: there is a set reason why, you know why it is happening and what you are afraid of
uncued: nothing happening or there’s not a set reason why, but you have a panic attack. there’s nothing to fight so you flee and this tells your unconcious that it was a good thing, so it increases the symptoms
What is the quicksand analogy?
when you don’t get treatment immediately often because of the stigmatization of mental health
How do get rid of stigma?
you need to educate yourself and understand that it is a stigma
What are the biological factors for panic disorder?
What are the psychological factors that play into panic disorder?
What are the sociocultural factors of panic disorder?
What is specific phobia?
an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
exposure to the phobic stimulus almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response (e.g. a panic attack)
phobic situation/object is avoided or endured with intense anxiety and distress
What are the types of specific phobia?
Where do specific phobias come from?
Which gender is more likely to experience specific phobias?
women
What are other explanations of why we have specific phobias?
Does everyone who has a specific phobia identify the experiences that caused it?
no, SO other factors can be at play, each specific phobia has its own neural correlates and some people might be prone to specific phobias
What is social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
an anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.
What is social phobia (explained in lecture)?
What are examples of social phobia?
Where causes social anxiety and how does it differ from people with SAD?
What biological factors play into SAD?
What are some vulnerabilities that come with social anxiety disorder?
What do people with SAD feel like SAD prevents them form doing?
They feel like it prevents them from being themselves authentically
What is obsessive-complusive disorder?
psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours to prevent or produce some future situation
What are obsessions and what are compulsions?
What are obsessions, according to the lecture?
What are compulsions?
What is an example of OCD / common compulsions?
What is OCPD?
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
What are biological factors to OCD?
Using the biological factor of OCD, how might the brain work specifically for someone with OCD?
How does negative reinforcement work with people with OCD?
What is avoidance learning and how is it an important contributor to the maintenance of compulsive symptoms?
Is it true that people with OCD are stuck in a “vicious” cycle?
yes
What are the 4 OCD-related disorders?
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
What are sstressor related disorder?
PTSD (MDMA aka molly or magic mushrooms used to treat PTSD)
What is post traumatic stress disorder?
psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster.
What are symptoms of PTSD?
these can also occur in people who just hear and witness it instead of people who experience the trauma
Does PTSD follow trauma immediately after it occurs?
it can, but it can follow even months or years after the trauma
Does every individual exposed to the same event experience PTSD? Why or why not?
no
What are two disorders that cause dysregulation in a person’s emotional life?
What are depressive disorders?
psychological disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
What are some depressive disorders?
Are depressive disorders common?
cent yes
What racial groups have twice (16%) the amount of depression than the national average?
Indigenous peoples
What is major depressive disorder (MDD)>
psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.
What are symptoms of MDD?
What are people likely to be diagnosed with when they have less extreme depressive mood for over two years?
Persistent depressive disorder
What are the biological factors for depressive disorder?
genes: vulnerability-stress association in conjunction with experience
brain structure and function: lower brain activity in a section of the prefrontal cortex for generating actions and in regions of the brain associated with the perception of rewards
neurotransmitters: serotonin transporter gene, too few receptors for serotonin and norepinephrine transmitters
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What type of depression is a qualifier for MDD? What does this also demonstrate about biological factors in depression?
postpartum depression is a qualifier of major depressive disorder and can result in depression in women (and sometimes men by proxy) after childbirth, due to the tremendous changes in hormones and body chemistry that can occur during pregnancy and after birth.
What are the psychological factors of major depressive disorder? What are advantages and disadvantages of this?
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What is the first cognitive explanation/views of depression?
cognitive explanations of depression focus on thoughts and beliefs that can contribute to and prolong a sense of hopelessness.
What do automatic negative thoughts reflect according to the cognitive explanation of depression?
automatic negative thoughts reflect illogical self-defeating beliefs that shape the experiences of individuals who are depressed.
Is the course of depression influenced by the way people think?
yes
What is the second cognitive explanation/views of depression?
attributions
What is attributional style and what type do people with depression have? What causes do they blame it on?
attributional style is a person’s habitual way of explaining events in their lives.
pessimistic attributional style means blaming oneself for negative events and expecting the negative events to recur in the future.
FOR EX. the pessimist explains negative events as having internal causes (“It is my fault I failed the exam”), stable causes (“I’m going to fail again and again”), and global causes (“Failing this exam shows that I won’t do well in any of my courses”).