SS Final Review

Describe the founding of Rome

According to legend, in 753 BC by twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf. They decided to build a city on the banks of the Tiber River, but a fight arose over who would rule it. Romulus killed Remus and became the first king of Rome.

What are some similarities and differences between the Roman government and the U.S. government

Both have a large group of people that decide on certain things, congress and senate. However, the Roman government was a republic with two consuls, while the US government has one president or as the romans would call it a consul. Additionally, the Roman government had a complex system of social classes, while the US government is based on the rule of equality for all citizens.

Describe the 1st Punic War

It was a conflict between Rome and Carthage that lasted from 264 to 241 BCE, primarily fought over control of Sicily.

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Describe the 2nd Punic War

It was a conflict between Rome and Carthage from 218 to 201 BC, led by the Carthaginian general Hannibal. It is known for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with elephants and his victories against the Roman army, but ultimately ended in Rome's victory and the destruction of Carthage's power.

Describe the 3rd Punic War

The Third Punic War (149-146 BC) was a siege of the city of Carthage. The Romans eventually took the city, killed the men of Carthage and enslaved the women and children. The city was burnt to the ground, and, it was written, that the Romans sewed salt into the fields so nothing could grow there again.

Define Carthage

The capital of Punic civilization in Africa and capital of the province of Africa in Roman times. During the lengthy Punic wars, Carthage occupied the territories that belonged to Rome, which then destroyed its rival in 146 AD.

Who were the Etruscans?

A member of an ancient people of central Italy whose civilization influenced the Romans, who had defeated them by about 200 bc

Who was Remus and Romulus?

They were twin brothers, sons of a human mother and the god of war, Mars. They were abandoned and a she-wolf nursed them. Legend says they supposedly founded Rome.

Who was Hannibal?

General who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War. He crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but then was sent back to defend Carthage and was defeated.

Who was Scipio?

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama.

Who was Julius Caesar?

A Roman general and politician who named himself dictator of the Roman Empire, a rule that lasted less than one year before he was famously assassinated by political rivals.

What was a plebian?

A member of the common people in ancient Rome. They had very few rights and after a long time they were allowed to vote, but they could not marry a patrician.

What was a patrician?

A member of the higher class of Rome. Only a patrician could become emperor, they could also vote.

Define Republic

The form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body, the people get to elect people for a place of power and the people can vote on their opinions.

Define Gaul

 A member of the Celtic-speaking people of ancient Gaul, Gaul is in present day France.

Define an Aqueduct

A channel for transporting water, typically in the form of a bridge across a valley or other gap.

Roman Republic Definition

the period in which the city-state of Rome existed as a republican government (from 509 B.C.E. to 27 B.C.E.), one of the earliest examples of representative democracy in the world. It consisted or the Senate.

Roman Consul definition

A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, they had 2 of them and they served as a present day president.

Roman Senate definition

The governing and advisory assembly of the aristocracy in the ancient Roman Republic

The Twelve Tables definition

A set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE.

The Roman Assembly definition

Institutions in ancient Rome. They functioned as the machinery of the Roman legislative branch, and passed all laws.

What was the Crisis of the 3rd Century?

A period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed, it was caused by the growing threats to the Roman Empire from outside the empire's borders.

Who was Constantine?

He was the Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337. He was the first emperor to convert to Christianity. He moved the capital of Rome to Constantinople in 330 CE.

How did Tribal Invasions affect Rome?

The empire abandoned one of its long-standing frontiers and was forced to allow various barbarian groups into the political landscape of the empire.

How did the size of the empire affect Rome?

The extreme size of the empire made it hard to control and manage it all which became a struggle that soon led to one of the causes of the fall of Rome.

How did economic problems affect Rome?

Constant wars and overspending had become a huge issue, and oppressive taxation and inflation had widened the gap between rich and poor.

What was the role of the church in medieval times?

provided education for some and it helped the poor and sick

Pope definition

Head of the Roman Catholic Church that oversees all bishops and priests.

Bishop definition

A senior member of the Christian clergy, usually in charge of a diocese.

Why was there a decrease in education during the Medieval times?

Many did not hold education as a priority socially or politically and only wealthy people and primarily boys learned from church schools or private tutors.

Why was there a decrease in trade during the Medieval times?

The great Roman roads deteriorated over time, making overland transport difficult and expensive. Towns shrank, and came to serve a more local area than in Roman times.

Rise of Manors during medieval times

The purpose of the Manor System was to organize society and to create agricultural goods, which they needed when trade was decreasing and the Roman Empire had fallen.

What is Feudalism?

A social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

Why was Feudalism necessary?

Helped protect communities from violence and warfare during the dark ages by providing the means to raise standing armies at short notice

What was a king in a feudalist system?

Leader of the system. He owned all the land in the country and decided to whom he would lease land.

What was a lord in a feudalist system?

A noble who controlled the land that the king leased to him.

What was a knight in a feudalist system?

The knight protected the land of a Lord and served as a soldier.

What was a serfs in a feudalist system?

The poorest of the peasant class, and were a type of slave.

What was the Islam pillar of Faith?

“There is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet” Only one God

What was the Islam pillar of Prayer?

Pray 5 times a day facing in the direction of Mecca.

What was the Islam pillar of Fasting?

No food or water from sunrise to sunset of Ramadan.

What was the Islam pillar of Sharing?

Give a percent of their wealth to the poor.

What was the Islam pillar of Pilgrimage?

Haji: the pilgrimage to Mecca, and you should go to this pilgrimage once in your life.

Definition of Koran

Islam sacred book

Definition of Muhammad

The Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah

Definition of Ramadan

The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

Who fought in the Crusades?

Christians, Muslims, and Crusaders

What were the effects of the crusades in Europe?

* Byzantine Empire is weakened
* Papal power declines
* Decline of Feudal power
* Increase in the monarchy/kings power
* Religious intolerance grows stronger
* Muslims increasing distrust of Christians
* Italian cities grow richer as trade expands
* Trade grows between Europe and the Middle East

Where was the fighting of the crusades?

Jerusalem through Seljuq-controlled territories in modern Turkey and Syria

Why did the 1st crusade start?

Christians wanted to gain back Jerusalem back from Muslim control.

Why did the 2nd crusade start?

Germans set out in 1147 on Easter to take back the country of Zengi that had been taken over by Muslims.

Why did the 3rd crusade start?

To retake Jerusalem after its fall to the Muslim leader Saladin

Why did the 4th crusade start?

It began as a military pilgrimage to Jerusalem to re-capture it from Muslim Ayyubid forces and protect the Christians who lived in the Holy Land; however, the crusade never reached the Holy Land and never accomplished its original goals.

What was the Western Schism?

A split within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417

What was the impact of the printing press(1440)?

Revolutionized society by standardizing language, spreading ideas, increasing literacy, and growing the printing industry

What was the fall of Constantinople(1453)?

The invasion of the Ottoman Empire was the immediate cause of the fall of the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople, the empire had been declining for a number of centuries prior to its final conquest.

Renaissance definition

A period in European civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom.

Reformation definition

A split in the Catholic Church where a new type of Christianity called Protestantism was born

Reasons for the age of exploration

GOD- to spread christianity

GOLD- wealth from selling goods and finding new trade routes

GLORY- a life of adventure