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Definition of biology
The scientific study of life
7 properties of life
Order, reproduction, growth and development, response to environment, energy processing, and evolutionary development
3 domains of life
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Why is hypothesis testing at the center of the process of science?
provides a structured way to evaluate ideas, make predictions, and determine whether observations support or refute a given explanation
What is the main requirement for a scientific hypothesis?
Testable and falsifiable
Difference between hypothesis and scientific theory
Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope, theories have a broad explanatory power
Difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable
Independent can be manipulated or changes, dependent are measured or observed
Difference between observational data and experimental data
Observational- collected without manipulating, experimental- collected through a controlled environment
How is evolution useful in our everyday lives
Medicine, conservation, and agriculture
How are humans both natural selection and artificial selection
Natural selection shaped us where we shaped other species through artificial selection
Example of how structure and function are related to the cell to the organism
The structure of heart cells supports their function (pumping blood), which keeps the whole organism alive.
How does energy flow from the sun to the consumer
Sun provides energy, plants captures sunlight, herbivores eat the plants
How are coral reefs harmed by chemical compounds in the air
When CO2 dissolves in water, it reacts with water to form an acid, which then makes the water more acidic
How is life’s chemistry tied to water?
Life first evolved from water
What are the four elements that make up the majority of most living organisms
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What is a compound
A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond in a fixed ratio.
Example of a trace element and it’s importance to life
Iodine; needed for making thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
Structure of an atom
Proton, neutron, and electron
How to determine an atoms atomic number
Count how many protons are in the nucleus
How to determine an atoms mass number
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
How to determine an atoms atomic mass
Add the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus to get the sum
What is an isotope
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
How many electrons can be held in the 1st electron shell
2
How many electrons can be held in the 2nd and 3rd electron shell
8
Why does chemical bonds occur
When two atoms with incomplete outer shells interact they may give up, accept, or share electrons so that both partners end up with a complete outer shell
What is a covalent bond
Where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
What is an ionic bond
A chemical bond formed by electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
Nonpolar- share electrons equal Polar- electrons are shared unequally
Example of a covalent bond
Water molecules- the oxygen atom share electrons with 2 hydrogen atoms
Example of an ionic bond
Sodium chloride- a sodium atom donates an electron to a chloride atom which creates a positive sodium and a negative chloride
What is a hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom (like oxygen) in another molecule
What is cohesion
Molecules of the same kind to stick together
What is adhesion
Two kinds of molecules to stick together
What is surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
Why is ice less dense than water
Ice’s molecules are spacious where water is not
What is the difference between a solution, solvent, and solute
A solution is a uniform mixture where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another (the solvent). The solvent is the substance present in the largest amount that does the dissolving, while the solute is the substance being dissolved.
What numbers are acidic on the ph scale
0-6
What numbers are basic on the ph scale
8-14
Which chemical forms the backbone of most organic chemicals
Carbon chains
What is an isomer
A compound that has the same molecular formula but different structure
What is a hydrocarbon
A compound that only consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is an organic compound properties determined by
Size and shape of its carbon backbone and atoms attached to a skeleton
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydroponic
Hydrophilic are water loving and hydrophobic is water fearing
Four classes of biological molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are macromolecules
Large complex molecules
What are polymers
Large chains of repeating units
What are monomers
Small, simple molecules that bond bond together to make polymers
Process of dehydration reaction
Monomers link together to form polymers
Process of hydrolysis
Polymers are broken apart
What is an enzyme and its functions
An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in cells. It works by lowering the activation energy needed for reactions, which makes processes like digestion, metabolism, and DNA replication occur more efficiently.
What is a carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is an organic molecule
What is a carbohydrate made up of
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is a monosaccharide
A simple sugar and the basic building block of carbohydrates
What is a di saccharides
2 monosaccharides that bonded together
What is polysaccharides
Large carbohydrates made up of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds
What is a lipid
Diverse hydrophobic compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen
What is a fat
A fat consist of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids
What is unsaturated fat
Fatty acids containing one or more double bond
What is saturated fats
Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens
What are trans fat
Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat that have been chemically modified to have a configuration
How are trans fats created
Trans fats are primarily created through a process called partial hydrogenation
What are phospholipids
Components of cell membranes
What is a phospholipids chemical structure
Two part structure - A water-loving (hydrophilic) part that includes a phosphate group - Two water-fearing (hydrophobic) fatty acid chains
What is a protein
A large molecule
What is a protein made of
A chain of amino acids
How are proteins made
Through a process called protein synthesis
What is DNA and RNA made of
Nucleotides
What is a gene
A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or RNA molecule, which in turn determines a trait or function in an organism.
What is the difference between and light microscope and electron microscope
A light microscope displays living cells where a electron microscope reveals the ultrastructure of cells
What is the definition of magnification
The increase in an objects image size with its actual size
What is the definition of resolution
A measure of the clarity of an image
What is cell theory
All living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
What is a plasma membrane
A phospholipid bilayer
What is a plasma membrane made up of
Proteins
What is prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and archaea
What is eukaryotic cells
A complex cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
What is an organelle
A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function
Be able to identify the components of an animal cell
What does a nucleus do
Houses the cells DNA
What do ribosomes do
It protein makes
What does a reticulum do
A membranous network of tubes and sacs
What does a Golgi apparatus do
Consist of stacks of sacs
What do lysosomes do
Membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
What does the mitochondria do
It’s the power house of the cell, the cells main energy source through cell respiration
What separates a plant cell from an animal cell
Plant cells carry out photosynthesis where animal cells do not
What is a chloroplast
Photosynthesizing organelle of plants and algae
What is a cytoskeleton
Gives the cell shape, provides structural support, helps organize and transport materials within the cell, and assist in cell movement and division
What is a cilia
Tiny hair like structures that extend from the surface of some cells
What is a flagella
Long whip like structures that extend from the cell’s surface
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