Structure and Function of Living Organisms

What type of plants have only one cotyledon?

Monocotyledonous plants (e.g., grasses)

What type of plants have two cotyledons in their seeds?

Dicotyledonous plants (e.g., beans, peas)

What are the functions of roots in plants?

Roots provide physical support by anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals.

What role do the cell wall and vacuole play in plant support?

They create turgor pressure, helping the plant stay upright and preventing wilting.

What are the four main parts of a plant stem?

Epidermis, pith, cortex, and vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)

How do parenchyma and collenchyma cells provide support in plants?

Parenchyma cells exert pressure on collenchyma cells, providing flexible support.

What is the function of xylem in plants?

Xylem supports the plant's structure and transports water; it is made of dead cells with lignin.

What is a hydrostatic skeleton?

A soft skeleton supported by internal fluid pressure, found in many insect larvae, spiders, and worms.

What is an exoskeleton and its limitations?

A hard outer shell made of chitin that protects the internal organs; must be shed and replaced (ecdysis), leaving the animal vulnerable.

What are the two types of endoskeletons?

Cartilaginous endoskeleton (e.g., sharks) and bony endoskeleton (e.g., humans, most mammals).

Name the 4 classes of tissue

• Muscle

• Nerve

• Epithelia

• Connective

What is the medial plane?

Vertical plane that splits the body into equal halves

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

Plane that divides the front and back halves of the body

What is the transverse/axial plane?

Horizontal plane that splits body in upper and lower sections

Define superficial

Nearer the the surface (e.g muscles are superficial to bones)

Define intermediate

Something that is located between two structures (e.g the collarbone is intermediate between the shoulder and the breastbone)

Define deep

Further from the surface (e.g the humerus is deep to the arm muscles)

Define medial

Nearer to the medial plane (e.g the 5th digit is on the medial side of the hand)

Define lateral

Further from the medial plane (e.g the thumb is on the lateral side of the hand)

Define posterior

Nearer to the back (e.g the heel is posterior to the toes

Define inferior

Nearer to the feet (e.g the stomach is inferior to the heart)

Define anterior

Nearer to the front (e.g the toes are anterior to the ankle)

Define distal

Further from point of origin/limb (e.g the wrist is distal to the elbow)

Define proximal

Nearer to point of origin/limb (e.g the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

What are the types of bones?

• Long

• Short

• Flat

• Irregular

  • Sesamoid

Name the types of joints

• Fibrous

• Cartilaginous

  • Synovial

Functions of the skeletal system

• Support

• Movement

• Protection

• Mineral storage

• Energy storage

• Endocrine regulation

• Blood cell formation