Cultural Anthropology Final Exam Cedarville University

Which statement best fits with Neoliberalism?

Free trade on a global scale will promote economic growth.

What financed Europe's Industrial Revolution?

Profits from the Triangle Trade.

In Immanuel Wallerstein's modern world systems analysis, which category would France best fit with?

Core

When corporations engage in flexible accumulation, what do they do?

Rely on offshoring and outsourcing to bypass high production costs, organized labor, and environmental laws

Market Exchange is characterized by the

influence of economic markets that facilitate buying and selling

Neoliberalism is associated with

the privatization of public assets like water and public transportation to for-profit companies

How was Fordism a new social compact between labor and capital?

It offered more leisure time and income so workers could become consumers of Ford cars.

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring growth, with a severely restricted role for government, is known as

neoliberalism.

The European Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries relied on colonies for

raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in the colonial territories

Which regions were involved in the extensive exchange of goods, people, wealth, food, diseases, and ideas that scholars refer to as the Triangle Trade?

Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Which of the following is NOT an effect of increased food distribution?

More equitable food distribution.

Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Market Exchange are the three main

patterns of exchange

What is Japan's relationship to Colonialism?

It established its own colonial empire in Asia

What element of the global economy is most likely to be found in a global city?

International Headquarters

Franklin Delano Roosevelt created the Social Security program to ensure the basic welfare of all Americans, especially the elderly and the most vulnerable. This program is an example of

Keynesian economics

What is an economy?

A cultural adaptation that enables a group of humans to use land, resources, and labor to satisfy basic needs.

Why do wealthy food-producing nations such as China, Korea, Japan, India, and Saudi Arabia buy up agricultural land and water resources in Africa?

To ensure exports of wheat, rice, and corn to support their own populations.

Investment Managers who offer high returns but ultimately steal their client's money are engaged in an act of

negative reciprocity

Wallerstein's modern world systems analysis divides the nations of the world into

core, periphery, and semi-periphery

Why would a global financial institution offer a structural adjustment loan to a nation?

To require poorer nations to enact neoliberal values such as privatization and austerity.

The "triangle trade" that emerged in the 1500s resulted in the exchange of goods, people, wealth, food, disease, and ideas between

Africa, Europe, and the Americas

A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern is called

redistribution

Why did some critics question the economic development strategies used by Western nations after World War II to address structural imbalances in the global economy?

Former colonies did not experience the expected levels of growth.

What conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?

Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less-developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.

Prior to the European exploration of the Americas, how did goods move from China to Europe?

on camel caravans on the Silk Road, then through overland routes and Mediterranean ports

Uneven development within a nation causes

Internal migration

Which type of immigrant most likely contributes to brain drain in their home country?

Professional Immigrants

Many Fuzhounese who migrate to New York work in

Chinese restaurants and nail salons.

Entrepreneurial immigrants

move to start businesses and conduct trade.

What are some of the forms of social capital that migrants may acquire?

helpful social and kinship networks

Professional immigrants are

university-trained professionals who seek better professional opportunities in economic niches abroad.

The movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already migrated is called __________ migration.

chain

The U.S. total of nearly 51 million foreign-born residents in 2019 represents what percent of the U.S. population?

15.3

Why would a person engage in return migration?

After migrating, they reverse course and return to their original country.

What does an entrepreneurial immigrant seek?

opportunity to conduct trade and establish business

Labor immigrants move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs and constitute the majority of migrant workers today. What is one effect of the presence of labor immigrants in the United States?

Labor immigrants keep prices down.

What term describes people who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries?

internally displaced persons

Why would a family seeking to migrate benefit from chain migration?

They have networks of family and friends already in a new destination who facilitate migration.

What is one of the primary motivations for labor immigrants?

better wages than they can find in other countries

According to Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, immigrant women from Mexico and Central America who work in greater Los Angeles are primarily employed as

nannies and housekeepers

In Dubai, an immigrant's children and grandchildren who are born in Dubai are considered

temporary guests

What recent trend resulted from wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?

a shift in industrialized production to Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos

Cosmonauts are

elite professional immigrants who fly around the world for work

Why did Alex Orlando Lora and Audiel Guillermo Mejia leave Honduras?

Their agricultural jobs no longer paid enough to buy food.

The fact that hospitals in African countries have trouble hiring enough qualified doctors because they have migrated to European countries is called

Brain drain

Despite the prominence of immigrants in the U.S. national origin myth, the country has not entirely welcomed all newcomers. From 1882 to 1943, which group became the only immigrant population to be excluded from the United States on the basis of national origin?

Chinese

A group of people migrate in response to a lack of opportunities in their home village. What type of force is lack of opportunity?

Push

In the United States, __________ immigrants are now in the majority across the immigrant categories.

Female

How do 1.5 generation children serve as "cultural brokers" for their parents?

They often translate and explain cultural customs to their parents.

What are the economic resources that are transferred from migrants to family members or institutions in their country of origin called?

remittances

How do institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization create pressure on states?

They pressure states to adopt neoliberal economic policies.

Andrew Bickford found that soldiers are

enculturated.

After Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the United States and European countries placed sanctions on Russia to damage the Russian economy. What was a result of these sanctions?

The move disrupted global supply chains of oil, gas, car parts, and grain.

What did anthropologist Frans de Waal conclude about the origins of violence, based on primate studies?

When facing conflict, primates may exercise aggression, avoidance, or tolerance.

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

egalitarianism

The colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities of Fourth of July celebrations in the United States reinforce feelings of

nationalism

The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is called

hegemony

The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is

power

Power, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence, is

embedded in all human relationships

An autonomous regional political structure with a central government that is authorized to make laws and use political, economic, and military force to maintain order and defend its territory is referred to as a

State

What did Elman Service posit about the origins of political systems?

Do bands have politics?

Yes. In bands, politics is highly decentralized, with decisions made primarily by consensus.

Anthropologist Jeffery Juris's (2012) work suggests that the success of the Movement for Black Lives was due to the

framing of the movement as simultaneously virtual and physical, and the framing of the movement under the Black Lives Matter slogan.

How did Margaret Mead explain the origins of human violence?

It is a cultural invention.

European colonial forces created states and territories

to suit their own economic and political objectives.

In which century did the modern Western state emerge?

16th

Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as

Bands

What was one consequence of the emergence of warriors to defend surpluses of food from marauders?

the rise of the state

What is a social movement?

collective group action that seeks to build networks to enact social change.

Dorothy Hodgson's study of the Maasai focuses on

the rise in civil society organizations in Tanzania.

Neoliberal economic policies

challenge state sovereignty

What must a state be able to do?

use force to maintain order and defend its territory

A group of people creates an organization that is independent of the state to challenge inequities and assert their political rights to resources and recognition within their state. This type of organization is called a(n)

civil society organization

According to Max Weber, what is the fundamental characteristic of the modern state?

It establishes a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory.

Which feature of political systems is distinctive of modern Western-style states?

A central administration penetrates the everyday social life of its citizenry.

In Mary Douglas's exploration of "The Abominations of Leviticus," which key concept did she borrow from Durkheim for understanding Jewish dietary laws?

the sacred and the profane

According to your text, how many poor people live in the United States?

140 million

The text describes the Muslim shrine of the saint Husain Tekri and the rituals that pilgrims to this shrine participate in to venerate this long-deceased Muslim martyr. What is one of the characteristics of this particular example that demonstrates the local adaptation and flexibility of religious practice?

pilgrims from a variety of different faiths, not just Muslims

Émile Durkheim understood religion as a social process that helped to create social solidarity, cohesion, and stability. He feared that the absence of religion, a powerful tool of creating social solidarity, would lead people to feel a greater degree of alienation. He believed that this helped explain the rise of __________ in late nineteenth-century France.

Suicides

In anthropology, a ritual in which a person enters as one category of person in society and through the ritual is transformed into a new category of person is called

A rite of passage

What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?

It was rife with magic

What did Ken Guest notice that religious communities have in common for both Mexican immigrants and Chinese immigrants in New York City?

Religion supports participation in civic activity and community belonging, despite the undocumented status of many immigrants.

According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for

capitalism to flourish

According to Talal Asad, the cross, the Torah, and the cow gained their symbolic power through

complex historical and social developments

Which of these factors is helping to rejuvenate Catholicism in the United States?

increased immigration from Catholic countries, bringing new membership, worship styles, and social needs

How do religious symbols convey meaning?

Religious symbols create a sense of order and resist chaos by building and reinforcing a larger worldview.

__________ are people who sacrifice their lives for the sake of their religion.

Martyrs

Why is it difficult for anthropologists to define religion?

Local expressions of religion combine many common elements of religion, but not necessarily all common elements.

What happens in an authorizing process?

Symbols are given power and meaning.

Spanish conquistadors and missionaries were struck by the Aztecs' use of human sacrifice and cannibalism in some of their religious ceremonies. One anthropologist argued that these rituals of human sacrifice and cannibalism developed because there were not enough protein sources in the Valley of Mexico, and therefore protein from humans (who were almost always consumed by the elites) filled the void. This explanation is an example of which theory of religion?

Cultural Materialism

How is immigration shaping the Catholic Church in the United States?

Catholic churches are being rejuvenated by new members, worship styles, and political engagements.

Émile Durkheim believed __________ could play a key role in addressing anomie in society and could thus reduce the number of suicides.

Religion and Ritual

Karl Marx argued that __________ played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation.

Religion

Which aspect of religion was the focus of Émile Durkheim's theoretical approach?

a distinction between the sacred and the profane

Anthropologists are primarily interested in which aspect of religion?

the everyday religious practice of people in their local communities

What is one of the primary reasons why the study of religion in anthropology is difficult?

There is a wide range of local religious expression.

After completing her work examining how purity and danger function in Western societies, what did anthropologist Mary Douglas conclude about the nature of some Jewish dietary codes?

They reflect a desire for order amid social chaos.

German political philosopher Karl Marx called __________ "the opium of the people."

Religion

In her South Korean community, Seoyoon acts as an intermediary between spirits or gods and the human world through rituals, songs, and ancestor worship. Which term best describes Seoyoon?

Shaman

E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Max Weber's earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. What was a key element of magic that was highlighted by Evans-Pritchard's work?

Magic is rational