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103 Terms

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conditional discharge
probation up to 3 years with a criminal record that lasts 3 years
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absolute discharge
no probation and a record for 1 year
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elements of discharge (absolute and conditional)
no criminal conviction

if you have a prior discharge it will show up

not an option for those with a possible sentence of 14 years

needs to be in the best interest of the accused

not contrary to public interestfine
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community corrections: fines
can be in addition to or independent from another sanction

only can be imposed if they know the person can pay (unless minimum fines)

money goes to the government
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community corrections: restitution
intended to compensate the victim

returning stolen property
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victim surcharge
payment to the victim

30% of any fine imposed

if no fine: $100 for summary, $200 for indictment
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probation
can serve sentence in the community

can be imposed on its own or in addition to another sanction

max three years
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compulsory probation conditions
keep peace and good behaviour

appear before court when required

notify probation officer in advance for any major life changes
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what does research on probation tell us
reduces recidivism

allows offender to maintain work and relationships

most conducive to rehabilitation
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issues with probation
net widening

over conditioning can lead to incarceration
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conditional sentence
jail sentence that they are allowed to serve in the community

need to be sentenced to prison first

report to a probation officer
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requirements to be able to participate in conditional sentence
sentence less than 2 years

no mandatory minimum

not a threat to public safety
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mandatory conditions for a conditional sentence
keep peace of good behaviour

appear before court when told

report to supervisor when told

remain in the jurisdiction of the court

notify court of any major life changes
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purpose of conditional sentence
rehabilitation and punishment
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diversion programs
keep offenders from being processed

offender has to acknowledge responsibility for their behaviour

treatment program, community service, and other conditions
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are diversion programs good
possible net widening

concerns surrounding coercion and punitive nature

success relies on employment and supportive environment
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provincial incarceration
less than 2 years

no distinct levels of security

96% of sentenced population
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federal incarceration
more than 2 years

4% of sentenced population
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minimum security
can leave during the day

unrestricted movement during the day

no perimeter fencing
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medium security
some restriction on movement

low to moderate risk for escape

high security fencing
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maximum security
high security fencing

highly controlled and restricted movement
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prisoner profile
mass incarceration of indigenous and black individuals

female prisoner population rising

substance use, unstable lives, poverty, etc.
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mandala rules
protect the rights of prisoners

prohibit torture and cruel and unusual punishment

protect prisoners from forms of ill treatment
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disciplinary segregation
prisoner misconduct, rule infractions
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administrative segregation
prisoner management and order
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segregation operations
confinement for 22-24 hours a day

no meaningful conduct

no access to programming or privileges

sensory deprivation
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Segregation and Human rights
against mandala rules and Canadian rights and freedoms

substantial harm to prisoners (psychological disturbances)

Bill C-83: regulations to help improve segregation conditions (not realistically implumented)
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Prisoner Healthcare
don’t have good access to any type of health care

have to choose between privileges and necessities or healthcare

medication is not properly and reliably given

substance use (unsafe)

sexual health issues (STIs and no prenatal care)
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Inmate code
expected system of behaviours and rules

ex: don’t trust guards, don’t start fights, etc
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prisonization
enculturation into the prison culture

* further criminalizes individuals
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institutionalization
being so engrained in the prison culture that they don’t know how to function in general society

* often due to being in prison for a long time at a young age
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correctional officers: moral authority
relationship with prisoners
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correctional officers: legal authority
upholding laws
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correctional officer subculture
inappropriate/criminal behaviour

protect staff

code of silence
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CO abuse of power
minorities disproportionately impacted

human rights violations

too much discretion
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complaints procedures in prisons
long wait time

fear of punishment

unclear procedure

told to file internally

not good access to forms
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prison work
not paid well

not many programs available

not generating profits so cut despite them being successful
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risk assessment
designed to indentify those who are most likely to reoffend upon release is no treatment were to occur
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static risk factors
things about the offender that can’t be changed

* criminal history, performance on past release, seriousness of past offence, etc
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dynamic risk factors
things about the offender that can be changed through intervention

* education, training, addiction, attitudes and motivations, etc.
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temporary absence
let out due to special circumstances for max 60 days

can get it at the start of sentence (escorted) and at 1/6 mark (unescorted)
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fixed sentence vs indeterminate sentence
actual end to their sentence vs no real end date
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day parole
6 months before 1/3
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full parole
1/3
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statuatory release
2/3
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criteria for parole
1) confident the offender won’t reoffend before warrant expiry

2) have to feel that this will facilitate community through prisoner reintegration
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proponents of parole (theoretical and practical)
fundamental for public protection

gradual supervised release will provide support and control that facilitates successful reintegration

more successful than statutory release

parole is shown to be successful at rehabilitation
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opponents of parole
making prison sentences variable and unpredictable

not following principle of proportionality

most common re-incarceration is breaching conditions

parole board doesn’t make the best decisions

not focused on general rehabilitation but reoffending till warrant expiry
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what is contributing to the withering use of parole
political motives

tough on crime attitudes from the government

prisons are deemed necessary

risk aversive culture

media

prioritize warrant expiry period
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what does research tell us about parole
most common is breach of condition

90% success day parole

87% full parole

most violent offenders don’t violently reoffend

of those who committed a homicide that are released, 0.31% commit another homicide
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issues with the parole board
lack of diversity of members

risk aversive

make decisions based on public interest

don’t know outcomes of their decisions

not required to have any legal background
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pains of imprisonment (5)
deprivation of liberty

deprivation of goods and services

deprivation of security

deprivation of heterosexual relationships

deprivation of autonomy
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collateral consequences of imprisonment (6)
social isolation

social consequences

stigma

health consequences

mental health issues

economic damage
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re-entry barriers (5) \*most important
identity

transportation

benefits/social assistance

housing\*

employment\*
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revolving door of incarceration
cycle that incarceration leads to barriers and barriers lead to incarceration (2 main barriers being housing and employment)
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post incarceration policies
suspicion results from stigma which leads to continual punishment of those who have completed their sentence
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principle of less eligibility
‘criminals’ are deemed to be less worthy of resources
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community housing policies
lack of community housing in Ontario

government created community housing renewal strategy which excluded criminals from being able to access community housing

frames them as non deserving (principle of less eligibility)

impacts their family

contributes to revolving door of incarceration
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what is the penal voluntary sector
non profit NGOs

penal reform advocates

government offloading programming to those organizations

mostly state funded
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Bail Verification Supervision Program
bail supervisor works with crown to determine who to supervise

develop rehabilitation plan

need to be guilty

meet weekly

attend all treatment deemed necessary

avg of 10 conditions
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BVSP program outcomes
most people fail out of the program (64%)

* failure to appear, re-offend, or violate conditions

of those that stay a decent amount get charges dropped
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Miller Research on PVS and Reentry
interventions focused on psychological, cognitive and social skills

see an overlap between punishment and social well-fare

carceral devolution

* shift in location or rehabilitation services to the community
* shift to trying to change the person not barriers
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PVS as Punishment’s Twin
reentry program

* overlooks structural barriers
* grounded in idea that criminals are inherently different

shadow carceral state: less visible penal development that expands carceral power
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BVSP: duality of conception
net widening

* more clients they supervise the more money they get
* more supervision and CJS power

agency + resistance
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Factual Innocence vs Legal Innocence
factual: they never actually committed the offence

legal: procedural error that violates the rights of the convicted person
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false eyewitness identification
leading cause of wrongful conviction

people + jurors think that eye witnesses are reliable

many factors that decrease your reliability to remember (stress, trauma, lighting, distance, cross race effect)
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police misconduct
noble cause corruption

* moral commitment to catch the bad guy
* do bad things b/c they think the outcome will be good

tunnel vision

* confirmation bias
* look for things that confirm their hypothesis
* leading questions
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prosecutor misconduct
tunnel vision

pressure to obtain and prosecute convictions

over charging

misconduct (charge based on who they think someone is not what they did and what evidence tells us)
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defense misconduct
ineffective assistance of counsel

make most decisions on behalf of accused
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judiciary misconduct
tunnel vision

rule of inadmissible evidence
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jury misconduct
are they really reliable and competent
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fase confessions
reid technique

* police are aggressive and presume guilt
* trying to get a confession

Mr.Big Sting

* subject slowly enticed to join a fake criminal organization
* has to confess to all prior crimes to join

Suggestibility

* lead person to think their best case scenario is if they confess
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plea bargaining
incentive for lesser charge

people plea for offences they don’t commit
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jail house informants
benefit in exchange or information

judge and defence don’t know that the incentive is given to the person in jail
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false and misleading confessions
distort fact finding process

lack of impartiality
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forensic science errors
junk science

people will believe it even if they shouldn’t
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racism and SES and wrongful convictions
indigenous and poor individuals higher rate of wrongful conviction than non-indigenous and non-poor people
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costs of wrongful convictions
costly, no justice, guilty person goes free, innocent incarcerated, how do you really compensate someone, decreased public confidence
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Case Study: Donald Marshall Jr
racial bias in the justice system

police failed to search area and question witnesses

* tunnel vision

crown failed to follow up on contradictory statements

defence failed to interview crown witnesses

pressure interview techniques
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Case Study: Dr Charles Smith
autopsies of 40 children

didn’t realize he wasn’t supposed to just say what the prosecution wanted him to say

said ones that were accidents were on purpose

over stated knowledge
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unfit to stand trial: requirements
can’t understand court proceedings

can’t understand charges or legal matters

can’t communicate their opinion related to the case
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unfit to stand trial: fitness assessment
judge requests psychiatrist, present their findings, judge puts trial on hold

have to be better in 60 days

least invasive treatment
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not criminally responsible
criminal defence, no mens rea

can’t be reversed

absolute or conditional discharge

or release to custody discharge (psychiatric facility)

recidivism extremely low
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drug treatment court
problem solving court

judicially supervised treatment

bail with conditions:

* court appearances
* counselling/treatment
* random drug testing
* other specific conditions
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drug treatment court: does it work
decrease in drug use

decrease in recidivism

general positive effect
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drug treatment court: critiques
coercive

must plead guilty

resource intensive

shift location of punishment

lots of conditions

only available to non-violent offenders
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Royal Commission on Aboriginal People (1996)
investigate relationship b/c indigenous people, the government and the general public

suggestion: 440 total

* indigenous government
* indigenous universities
* indigenous child welfare system

nothing happened
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission
collected church and government documents

allowed survivors to tell their stories

issues

* commissioners quit
* government and churches not cooperating

residential schools labeled as cultural genocide

recommendations

* investigate missing and murdered indigenous women and children
* improve indigenous healthcare
* improve indigenous access to post secondary
* commitment to decreasing indigenous overrepresentation in CJS

no change
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Criminal Code S 718.2(E)
consider alternatives to incarceration for indigenous people

pay attention to circumstances of indigenous offenders

judge must consider background of indigenous offenders
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R v Gladue
1) background factors

* colonialism and its effects

2) sentencing procedures consider indigenous status

* tailor sentence to indigenous practices
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Gladue Courts
specialize in indigenous cases (have to plead guilty)

indigenous bail supervisor

eagle feathers for swearing-in

smudging ceremonies

outcomes

* success with rehabilitation programs
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healing lodges
alternative correction

elder provide services and ceremonies

spiritual

community interaction

preparation for release

over classification into max is a barrier to access
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Policing and the Pandemic
radicalized and poor individuals disproportionately impacted

race effect
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the courts and the pandemic
didn’t want to shift to virtual

backlog of cases (trials impacted the most)

presumtive ceiling (case has to be dropped if unreasonable time)
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Virtual Courts: Access to Justice
digital divide

limited access to counsel

privacy concerns

accused as dependents

open court principle
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Bill S4 (virtual courts: who can access)
preliminary hearings

sentencing hearing

plea court
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incarceration and covid
high rates of covid

increased use of segregation

no way to social distance

health issues exacerbated
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prison reform
improvements to uphold human rights

better support for marginalized communities

treatment focus

changes to the current system
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prison abolition
whole new system

restorative justice

not possible to make prisons more humane
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3 steps to prison abolition
moratorium (no new prisons)

de-carceration (get people out of prisons)

ex-carceration (decriminalization of things, address societal causes of crime)