Studied by 4 peopleThis is just the questions and answers from the study guide given on the GC. I personally printed out the past practice tests and tested myself on that as well.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to make ATP
equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Order of steps of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, Kreb’s Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Does glycolysis require oxygen? (is it aerobic)
no
In glycolysis, how many glucose molecules are there?
1
In glycolysis what does the glucose molecules turn into?
2 pyruvate
In glycolysis, what two things are made? and how many of each?
2 NADH and 2 ATP
What step comes after glycolysis in cellular respiration?
pyruvate processing
Where does pyruvate processing take place (cellular respiration)?
mitochondrial matrix
Is pyruvate processing aerobic or anaeorbic?
aerobic
In pyruvate processing in cellular respiration, what do the 2 pyruvate molecules become?
acetyl CoA
What 2 things are made in pyruvate processing? and how many of each?
2 CO2 and 2 NADH
What electron carriers are involved in cellular respiration?
FAD and NAD+
What process in cellular respiration happens after pyruvate processing?
kreb’s cycle/citric acid cycle
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place?
mitochondrial matrix
Is the Citric Acid Cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
How many times does the Citric Acid Cycle go around? (cycle)
twice
What are the outputs of the Kreb’s Cycle? and how many of each?
4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP
What process comes after the Kreb’s Cycle in cellular respiration?
oxidative phosphorylation
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
mitochondrial matrix
What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?
oxygen
What is the range of the amount of ATP made in oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?
30-38
What enzyme in oxidative phosphorylation helps make ATP?
ATP synthase
What are the two types of fermentation? (cellular respiration)
alcohol and lactic acid
What is an example of where alcohol fermentation occurs?
in yeast
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
in humans
Is alcohol fermentation reversible? If no, why not?
no, it loses a carbon in the process
What are autotrophs?
organism that makes its own food
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
light+6CO2+6H2O—> C6H12O6+6O2
In what organelle in plants are chlorophyll found?
chloroplast
What are the two processes in photosynthesis?
light dependent reactions and Calvin Cycle
What is another name for the Calvin Cycle?
light independent reactions
Where do the light dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
stroma
What is the universal energy currency for all cells?
ATP
What are the inputs for the light dependent reactions?
light and H2O
Is the ETC in the light dependent reactions passive or active transport?
active
To get 1 glucose molecule you need ____ electrons? (#)
24
What is the enzyme that performs carbon fixation?
rubisco
What are the products of the light dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What is labeled M?
stroma
What is labeled O?
thylakoid membrane
What is G?
thylakoid space
What is labeled A?
Photosystem II
What is labeled C?
ATP synthase
What is the final electron acceptor in the light dependent reactions?
NADP+
What is labeled D?
ADP + Pi
What is labeled E?
ATP
What is labeled F?
NADPH
What is labeled H?
NADP+
What is labeled I?
H+
What is labeled J?
light
What is labeled K?
H2O
What is labeled L?
O2
What is labeled N?
ETC
What is labeled P?
Photosystem I
What are the inputs in the Calvin Cycle?
CO2, NADPH, ATP
What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P, ADP, NADP+
What creates the protein gradient in photosynthesis?
release of H2O
Is cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic?
exergonic
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic
When does photosynthesis work best?
in the light
What are the stages in mitosis?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What are the three stages of interphase?
G1, S, G2
10% of the cell cycle is mitosis. What is the other 90%?
interphase
What is the overall purpose of mitosis?
growth and repair
Are the cells produced in mitosis identical or different compared to the parent cell?
identical
What special event takes place in prophase I?
crossing over
What special event happens in metaphase I?
independent assortment
What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid cell?
diploids have two sets of chromosomes
haploids have one set
What is the purpose of meiosis?
reproduction
A bacteria cell is derived from another bacteria cell by which process?
A. meiosis
B. replication
C. cytokinesis alone
D. binary fission
D
Microtubules are the target of many chemotherapy agents because they ____
A. fail to function in cancer cells
B. are required for DNA replication to occur
C. are specific to Cancer cells, leading to limited side effects
D. allow a cell’s chromosomes to divide during cell division
D
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with the parent cell when it is in G1 of the cell cycle?
A. Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the DNA
B. Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the DNA
C. Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and same amount of DNA
D. Daughter cells have same number of chromosomes and twice the DNA
C
When a chromosome is broken in two places and reconnected so that a region is flipped from the normal order it's called
A. inversion
B. deletion
C. duplication
D. translocation
A
Who is considered the father of genetics?
Mendel
What do you call organisms that has two different alleles for the same trait?
heterozygous
What do you call the pattern of inheritance when two alleles from a gene mix to form an intermediate?
incomplete dominance
What do you call the pattern of inheritance when two alleles from a gene can both show up in the same offspring?
codominance
Match the following genotypes to their type --- MM, Mm, mm.
Homozygous recessive
Homozygous dominant
Heterozygous
mm, MM, M
Using the trait plant height in garden peas
What are the 2 alleles?
H, h
Using the trait plant height in garden peas
What is the heterozygous genotype?
Hh
Using the trait plant height in garden peas
What is the homozygous recessive genotype for this trait?
hh
Using the trait plant height in garden peas
Which genotype would represent tall plants?
HH and Hh
Oxygen is moved into your cells using simple diffusion. In which location is concentration of oxygen gas the lowest?
mitochondrial matrix
After glycolysis……..
NADH will go to the _____
Pyruvate with go to ___________
ETC
pyruvate processing
Relationship between the cells at the end of meiosis I and the original cell in G1.
Cell with have (1, 2) copies of (1, 1/2) of DNA
2, 1/2
Relationship between cells at the end of meiosis II and original cell at G1.
Cell with have (1, 2) copies of (1, 1/2) of DNA
1, 1/2
When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis resulting in gametes to have too many or too few chromosomes it’s called
A. inversion
B. nondisjunction
C. deletion
D. translocation
b
G1 checkpoint
A. enough organelles for 2 cells
B. cell specific chemical signal (growth factor) is in environment
C. if problems trigger cell death
D. if problems trigger cell death
E. environment isn’t right to divide, go to G0
F. spindle fibers attached properly
G. location of cell division is correct
H. DNA copied correctly
I. contact (another cell is touching it)
J. sister chromatids are lined up correctly
B G I E
G2 checkpoint
A. enough organelles for 2 cells
B. cell specific chemical signal (growth factor) is in environment
C. if problems trigger cell death
D. if problems trigger cell death
E. environment isn’t right to divide, go to G0
F. spindle fibers attached properly
G. location of cell division is correct
H. DNA copied correctly
I. contact (another cell is touching it)
J. sister chromatids are lined up correctly
D H A
M checkpoint
A. enough organelles for 2 cells
B. cell specific chemical signal (growth factor) is in environment
C. if problems trigger cell death
D. if problems trigger cell death
E. environment isn’t right to divide, go to G0
F. spindle fibers attached properly
G. location of cell division is correct
H. DNA copied correctly
I. contact (another cell is touching it)
J. sister chromatids are lined up correctly
F J C
The trait for tall pea plants is (T) and the trait for short pea plants is (t). The trait for round peas is (R) and the trait for wrinkled is (r). Two plants are crossed yielding an F1 generation with 402 short plants with round peas and 399 short plants with wrinkled peas. Which of the following is a genotype of the parent generation that could yield this result?
A. ttRr x ttrr
B. TTrr x TTrr
C. TtRr x TtRr
D. ttRr x ttRr
A
DNA replication in eukaryotes differs from replication in bacteria because
there are many origins of replication in eukaryotic DNA and there is only one in bacterial DNA
Who discovered….
isolated nuclein
Miescher
Who discovered….
did mouse experiment
harmless bacteria transformed into disease-causing bacteria
Griffith
What are the main components of DNA?
sugar-phosphate backbone, nucleotides
How are nucleotides bonded on DNA?
chemical bonds
Note
Flashcard