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density
The number of things.(example; People, animals, or objects in a specific area.
Pattern
How things are arranged in a particular space.
Environmental Determinism
A theory that argues that human behavior is largely controlled by the physical environment
Possibilism
A theory that argues humans have more agency or ability to produce a result.
cognitivity active node of travel
walking, running, swimming, etc
cognitively passive modes of travel
driving, flying, trains, etc
Cognitive/mental map
Maps we keep in our heads
Absolute location
Exact location of a place using latitude or longitude
Relative location
A place in relation to another (giving directions)
Absolute distance
Measures distance in miles/kilometers
Relative distance
measures distance by time
Latitude
Horizontal lines that determine climate
Longitude
Vertical lines (meridians) measures time 1 hr= 15 deg
Time zones
london is base subtract west from london and add east
isoline maps
uses lines to connect equal areas
Dot maps
Dots represent a constant variable
Graduated symbol
circles of varying sizes
Chloropleth maps
using color shades (darker colors=more)
Tibker’s 1st law of geography
Everything is related to one another but closer things are more related
time space compression
places growing close because of new advancements.
distance decay
greater distance= less interaction
GIS (Geographic Information system)
software that collects, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data
GPS (Global positioning system)
determines absolute location (longitude and latitude)
Remote sensing
data gathered by satellites
reference map
simple maps showing physical features
Thematic map
Maps centered around a certain theme
region
area of earths surface with certain characteristics that distinguish them from other places.
functional “nodal” Region
region connecting an activity with a node
Vernacular (Perceptual) Region
regions that are different for different people.
formal region
well-defined areas that share a common attribute such as language, culture, religion, or economic activity.
Perceptual region
same thing as vernacular
uniform region
same as formal
Geographic scale
Large scale and small scale
small scale map
show less detail and more territory
large scale map
more detail less territory
Scales of analysis
A hierarchy of space (global, regional, national, local)
relocation diffusion
the spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another and strongest point is not hearth.
expanison diffusion
diffusion outwards from a source but strongest point is still hearth
Contagious diffusion
a rapid, wavelike spread of a phenomenon from person to person contact where almost everyone is affected.
Stimulus diffusion
The original idea is altered to fit an area
demographic transition model
shows how population of a country changes over time as it transitions from an agatarian to an industrial to a post industrial society
ecumene
the permanently inhabitable land on earth
arithmetic density
Arithmetic density is the total population of an area divided by the total land area. It helps measure population concentration in a given area. not reliable bc it includes non arable land.
physiological density
total population/total arable land
agricultural density
total farmers/arable land (more farmers=poorer country)
World’s 4 population clusters
East Asia (China), South Asia (India and Indonesia), Southeast Asia, and Europe
dependency ratio
ratio between workers (16-64) to dependents (0-15) and retired (65-?)
cohorts
age brackets (generations)
Population pyramids
males on left women on right
Crude Birth Rate
total # of births per 1,000
Crude Death Rate
total # of deaths per 1,000
infant mortality rate
total # of babies under 1 that die
Child mortality rate
total # of kids that die between 1-5
Rate of natural increase
births-deaths
doubling time
number of years to double a population (70/RNI)
when was the demographic transition model established
1929 by Warren Thompson
Dr.John Snow
the father of modern epidemiology (found cholera)
epidemic
local or regional outbreak
pandemic
global outbreak
epidemiologic transition model
focuses on crude death rate
stage 1 and 2 epidemiologic model
infectious diseases
stage 3,4,5 epudemiologic model
chronic diseases
Total fertility rate
average # of kids a women will have
Best # of kids for a woman in the US
2.1
Anti-natalist
solution to overpopulation where gov restricts childbirth
pro-natalist
problem is underpopulation where gov encourages babies through incentives
malthusian theory
predicts overpopulation, too many people not enough food
boserupian theory
starvation motivates people improve food production and farm technology.
migration
movement of people from a place of origin to another
interregional migration
within a country
international migration
country to country
emigration
moving away from a place
immigration
moving into a place
net migration
difference between immigration and emigration
push factors
negative conditions that make people leave
pull factors
postitive reasons that attract people to a place
intervening obstacles
negative circumstances that hinder migration
intervening opportunities
positive circumstances that hinder migration
Internally displaced persons
migrants forced from their homes due to political reasons but hasn’t crossed any borders
asylum speakers
migrant inside a foregin country seeking safety and.a better life
forced migration
migrants that have no choice but to leave
chain migration
family based migration
step migration
migrants move to a place in steps
brain drain
emigration of highly skilled or educated
guest workers
send remittances back home
migration transition model
migration changes as a result of industrialization
Stage 2 and 3 migration transition model
high population and limited jobs result in emigration
stage 4 and 5
low and older population needs guest workers
xenophobia
fear of foreigners
Nativism
Policy of protecting citizens and excluding immigrating
Chinese exclusion act 1882
bars Chinese immigrants
Immigration act of 1924
favors europeans
Immigration and nationality act of 1965
favors families and skilled migrants
acculturation
one culture dominates another
assimilation
loss of ones culture
transculturation
equality of cultures
gravity model
predicts movement
gravity model equation
population#1xpopulation#2/distance
culture
the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society
culture trait
a single attribute of culture such as food, architecture, or land use