Roman History Exam 2

genius

ancestor/split talent

penates (oi penates)

sacred statues and spirits

tholos

Greek style round temple with colonnade

vestal virgins

30yr vow of celibacy, priviliged status, buried alive if violate chastity

rituals

sacrifice or offering to the gods

devotio

prayer or vow in battle

divinatio

reading natural signs like prodigia and monstra

augury + auspicy

bird signs, set parameterse

extispicium + horuspicium

sacrified animals

festivals

includes feriae (holidays) and ludi (games), either fixed in calendar or recurring but moveabled

dies festi

sacred holidays in honor of god(s)

ambarvalia

purification of limits, purify the land and boundaries

robigalia

festival for Robigo, god of mildew/grain rust, make him stay away from their crops

Lupercalia

purification and fertility festival, Luperci - nude youths run + hit people with dog hide for good luck

Saturnalia

day of reversal, freedman’s hat worn, everyone is free for a day, modern equal = christmas

pontifices

bridgebuilder, protect and interpret sacred law, civil engineering, vestal virgins

flamines

dedicated to particular gods, maintain cults

Augures

bird sign readers

Fetiales

matters of war

duoviri sacris faciundis

managing foreign cults

fasti vs. nefasti dies

days suitable or not for public speaking

evocatio

calling forth

syncretism

syncing up one cultures god with yours/match other culture

Aphrodite’s Greek equal

Venus, association with Julis family

patria potestas

power of the father

paterfamilias

father of the family with aboslute power, control over extended family, ultimate legal recourse, even killing children

why did Brutus execute his sons?

because they betrayed him and tried to bring the Tarquins back

Titus Manilus

obeys father, war with Latin League (Rome), serves as consulM

Manlian Discipline

executes his own son b/c he kills enemies without orders to

decimatio

1/10 destroyed

emancipatio

the process of freeing son from patria potestas

sui iuris

under own law (independent)

tutor

appointed guardian

toga virilis

garment of manhood

castitas

chastity, value system for women, strict sexual regulation

matrona

female head of household, takes care of house on day-to-day basis, key part in society and influence

materfamilias

female head of familym

marriages

political social or finanical, quick ritual btwn fathers, less formal for lower classc

cintus vinctusque

for a marrriage - belted and bound, bride has knotted belt that groom unties

confarreatio

sacrifice to Jupiter with special grain, high priesthoods onlyc

coemptio

groom symbolically buys bride

usus

ancient common-law marriage

manus marriage

with hand

sine manu marriage

without hand, free marriage, wife stays under power of own paterfamilias

dowry

gift from wife’s family to establish household

jewelry and women

it was the only thing women could actually own

ages of marriage

women bethrothed as early as 12, elite women could be married younger, 5-6 children…men marry at 14 but more likely late 20s-30s

domus

Roman house, private space with public function

HOUSE - fauces

vestibule, art and tradition

HOUSE - atrium

open roof

HOUSE - implurium

caught rain (little pond thing)

HOUSE - taldinum

reception area

HOUSE - cubicula

bedroom

HOUSE - culina

kitchen

HOUSE - triclinium

dining room

HOUSE - peristylum

greek-style garden

salutatio

formal + hierarchial greeting (lower class)

HOUSE - tropaion

impromtu monument, funeral masks with description of public honors

funerals + graves

death was seen as polluting, had to be buried outside the city, living care for the dead, continual importance

manes

shades of dead, lasting precense

what was the most common way to bury people?

cremation was a standard practice

pompa funebris

funeral parades

eulogy

speech in forum, actors wore funeral masks, annual grave sacrifice

Augustus being a deity

people only became deities after death, so people did not like this about Augustus, he got assassinated

mos maiorum

conservative social structure

gravitas/severitas

aboslute self-control and quiet acceptance of good or bad fortune

constantia (“constancy”)

perseverance against any circumstances, selflessness with subordination (NOT submission)

virtus

excellence, bravery in battle

disciplina

constant readiness for war, survival of the state

pietas

military, civil, and domestic quality, duty to gods, state, and family

fides

faithful performance of duties

dignitas

reputation of worth and esteem

auctoritas

authority based on prestige

gloria

military or civil accolade openly displayed

pudor

shame + personal accountability

infamia/ignominia

public disgrace, exclusion from civic

ad metallum

sent to mining, quarrying, or mills to death

ad cruces

sent to the cross to die

ad bestias

sent to the animals to die

Roman Constitution (RC)

it was not written, contained mix of govt styles

RC - consuls

kingship

RC - senate

aristocracy

RC - voting assemblies + will of masses

democracy

civitas

citizenship, stake for individual in state

res publica

common/public matter

lus

legal rights and law, foundation to Rome

provocatio

right of appeal, magistrates arrest citizens, invoke legal appeal

magistratus

magistrates + elected officials

suffragium

suffrage and voting rights, no women or slaves

comita centuriata

initially military organization

classes (classis)

by wealth and ability to supply arms

lower magistrates

quaestors, curule aediles, military tribunes

plebs

not really a bad word, just people who vote and stuff (lower class)

council of plebs

4 urban tribes (poorest), 21 rural tribes

plebisctum

legislation for pleb classes

clientela

patron-client relationship

patronus

legal, $, or social protection

cliens

owed patron votes + other support

canvassing (ambitio)

campaigning

toga candida

candidate, wore toga rubbed with white chalk to look god-like