BIOL 1014 chapter 4 histology

Histology

microscopic study of tissues

biopsy

removal of tissue for diagnostic purposes

autopsy

examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

what are the 4 types of tissue

epithelial tissue

-little extracellular matrix

-covers/lines body surface

-free border

-basement membrane attaches it to underlying tissue

-avascular: gases/nutrients must diffuse across basement membrane

classification

what is based upon number of cell layers and cell shape?

simple

what is monolayer?

stratified

what is multilayers?

pseudostratified

what is false appearance of being multilayered, but each cell is in contact with the basement membrane?

squamous

what is "flat?'

cuboidal

what is "boxlike?"

columnar

what is "tall, narrow?"

functions of epithelial tissue

-protecting (lining the mouth)

-barriers (skin)

-passages of substances (nephron of kidney)

-secreting (pancreas)

-absorbing (lining of small intestine)

stratified squamous epithelium

what may be moist (mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum) or keratinized- outer cells dead and contain tough, moisture-resistant protein = keratin?

transitional epithelium

what is stratified, stretches without tearing?

-cell layers slide past one another (urinary bladder)

diffusion(lungs), secretion(glands), filtration(glomerulus), absorption(intestines)

what are the functions of something that is "simple?"

protection/barrier function, found in areas where abrasion occurs

what are the functions of something that is "stratified?"

thin/flat = secretion or absorption

what are the functions of something that is "squamous?"

secretion or absorption

what are the functions of something that is "cuboidal &/or columnar?"

goblet cells

what produces mucus (intestinal track)?

microvilli

what increases surface area (brush border of small intestines)

cilia

what created a directed movement across the cell membrane (trachea, nasal cavity)

folds

what is something that helps organs be able to change shape?

stereocilia

what are elongated microvilli that are used for sensation and absorption called?

cell connections

what mechanically binds cells together?

permeability barrier

what type of barrier do cell connections create?

permit intercellular communication

what type of communication do cell connections have?

glycoprotein

what do epithelial cells produce that connects cells to each other and to the basement membrane?

lateral and basal surface of cells

where are cell connections found?

desmosomes

what are disk-shaped structures with sticky glycoproteins? these reinforce cell-cell connections at stress point.

hemidesmosomes

what attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane? (half of desmosomes)

tight junctions

what forms a permeability barrier? This is made so materials can't pass between cells but must pass through the cells instead.

zona adherens

what is the girdle of glycoproteins? it binds cells together.

zona occludens

what is the ring around cells?

gap junctions

what is a small protein channel that allows small polar materials to pass between cells? it is an important coordinating function (intercalated disks- cardiac muscle)

glands

what have secretory functions? they are composed primarily of epithelia, and they are the supporting network of connective tissue.

exocrine glands

what type of gland has ducts, and is open contact maintenance with exterior?

endocrine gland

what type of gland is ductless and produces hormones? it also has no open contact with exterior.

unicellular

goblet cell -> mucus

merocrine

what are vesicles releasing contents into ducts? It is secretion with no loss of cytoplasm. An example of this is eccrine sweat glands.

apocrine

what is the pinched off portion of the cell in secretion called? It is secretion with some loss of cytoplasm. An example of this is the mammary galnds

holocrine

what sheds into the duct? This is when the cell becomes part of the secretion. An example of this is the sebaceous gland.

multicellular

classification based on duct structure and secretion

simple

what is a duct with a few branches

compound

what is a duct with many branches call?

tubular

what is duct called that ends in straight/coil tubes?

acinar

what are ducts called that end in cluster of small sacs

alveolar

what are ducts called that end in hollow sacs?

connective tissue

what type of tissue is abundant nonliving, and has extracellular matrix?

matrix components of connective tissue

- protein fibers present

- ground substance present

- fluid present

- generally, well vascularized

these components are the matrix components of what type of tissue?

"blasts"

what are cells that build/create the matrix called (prefixes)

"cytes"

what are the cells that maintain matrix called (prefixes)

"clasts"

what are cells that breakdown/remodel the matrix called (prefixes)

collagen fibers

what are the fibers called that are strong and flexible? they don't stretch, and they are the primary protein in the body.

reticular fibers

what are the fibers called that are fine collagen fiber networks? They are between the tissue and organs.

elastin fibers

what are the fibers called that stretch and recoil? they return to their normal shape after stretching. They consist of protein elastin.

adhesive molecules

what molecules hold proteoglycan aggregates together? an example is chondronectin in cartilage.

ground substance

this contains hyaluronic acid and polysaccharides, its slippery, and acts as a lubricant.

proteoglycan- CHO + protein, traps H2O----> resiliency

fluid

all extracellular fluid associated with a tissue

CT classification

based on nature of matrix and fibers present

loose fibrous CT

collagenous fibers that are loosely arranged are called what? They are protein fibers that have fluid filled spaces, and all three types of fibers are present. This is also the most abundant CT in the body.

dense fibrous CT

fibers from thick bundles that nearly fill extracellular space?

fibrous CT

loose vs dense; based on protein fibers

regular vs irregular; based on fiber arrangement

fibroblast

what is a cell that produces fibrous matrix of CT called?

regular dense CT

what are fibers called that run in a single direction called?

collagenous tissue

what tissue is seen in tendons and ligaments?

elastic tissue

what tissue is seen in ligaments of vertebrae?

ligaments

what connects bone to bone? collagen often less compact and usually flattened.

tendons

what connects muscle to bone? fibers are not necessarily parallel.

irregular dense CT

what are fibers that run in many different directions called?

collagenous irregular CT

what CT is the reticular layer of the dermis?

elastic irregular CT

what CT is the walls of large arteries? It is bundles of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in many directions.

adipose tissue

what are fat cells that surround lipid droplet? They are used as energy storage, insulation, and protection.

reticular tissue

what is the tissue called that is a network of fine collagen fibers that form framework of lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and liver?

fat storage

what is yellow bone marrow do?

blood cell production (hemophoiesis)

what does red bone marrow do?

Yellow; red

as a child grows _____ marrow replaces most of the ____ marrow.

cells of connective tissue

These cells are cells in what type of tissue?

-white blood cells

-macrophages (fixed and wandering)

-platelets

-undifferentiated mesenchyme

cartilage

What has a rigid matrix? the lacunae surround chondrocytes (cartilage cells). It is avascular.

hyaline cartilage

what type of cartilage is rigid with some flexibility, and the principal cartilage of the body?

EX: costal cartilage, articular cartilage, fetal skeleton, trachea, epiphyseal plate nasal septum

fibrocartilage

what cartilage withstands great pressure (shock absorber), and is found in areas of the body where a great deal of pressure is applied?

EX: intervertebral discs, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis

perichondrium

what is dense irregular CT that surround cartilage?

elastin cartilage

what type of cartilage is high in elastin, and most flexible type? it is embedded in proteoglycans.

EX: pina, epiglottis

mast cell

common beneath membranes; along small blood vessels; can release heparins, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to energy.

matrix

what gives strength and rigidity, and allows bone to support and protect other tissues and organs?

bone

what has a solid matrix with organic and mineralized inorganic material?

inorganic matrix

hydroxyapatite crystals contain Ca/P --> rigidity

organic matrix

primarily collagen --> flexible strength

cancellous (spongy) bone

what type of bone is spicules arranged in trabecular network

compact bone

what type of bone is a dense bone with regular repeating structural units = osteon

osteon

what are the structures highlighted blue called?

canaluculi

what are the structures called that the arrows are pointing to?

lacuna with osteocyte

what are the structures called that are circled?

haversian canal

what is the structure that the arrow is pointing to called?

lamellae

what is the highlighted green area called?

blood

liquid matrix = plasma

-liquid and lacks fibers

-matrix formed by other tissues, unlike other types of CT

-moves through vessels, but the fluid and cells can move in and out of the vessels

RBC (erythrocyte)

O2/CO2 transport (red blood cell)

WBC (leukocytes)

defense (white blood cell)

platelet (thrombocytes)

blood clotting (sticky)

hemopoetic tissue

what tissue forms blood cells?