COMPLETE french exam 2.1, french exam 2.2

where in a eukaryotic cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?

cytosol

where does oxidation of very long-chain and branched fatty acids take place?

peroxisomes

genetic deficiency of _______ (enzyme) is responsible for 10% of all SIDS cases

Medium chain acyl CoA DH

what is the target of the statin class of cholesterol lowering drugs and how do they work?

HMG-CoA Reductase through competitive inhibition

NSAID naproxy sodium (alleve) works as a _____ inhibitor of _____

competitive inhibitor of COX 1 and COX 2

Bile salts are derived from which lipid?

phosphatidylcholine

what is the correct sequence of the four fatty acid spiral (4 steps of beta oxidation) in terms of functional group "ACTED UPON"

alkane, alkene, 2nd alcohol, ketone

The carbon atoms from a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons will enter the citric acid cycle as:

as acetyl-CoA and succinyl CoA

What enzymes are involved in the citrate (tricarboxylate) transport system

pyruvate carboxylase in mito matrix

citrate synthase in mito matrix

malate DH in cytosol

ATP citrate lyase in cytosol

a deficiency of which vitamins will make FAS (fatty acid synthesis) not possible?

B3, B5 and B7

what is the source of reducing power for fatty acid synthesis

NADPH

what is the main control point of beta oxidation (fatty acid oxidation) and what is it inhibited by?

Carnithine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT 1) ; malonyl-CoA

What activates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

(directly): phosphorylation by PKA

(indirectly): epinephrine, glucagon, beta-lipotropin

what is the role of HSL (hormone sensitive lipase)

hydrolyze triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissues

how do medicines Wegovy, Ozempic and Mounjaro work as weight loss drugs and/or treat Type 2 diabetes?

activation of the GLP-1 receptor

to oxidize the fatty acid linoleic acid- what enzymes are needed in addition to the enzymes needed for beta oxidation?

BOTH enoyl-CoA isomerase and 2,4-dienoyl-coA reductase

What is the NET # of ATP if caprylic acid (C8:0) is oxidized completely (through beta oxidation and onwards)

50

If malonyl-CoA is synthesized from 14CO2 and unlabeled acetyl-CoA, and the labeled malonate is then used for fatty acid synthesis, the final product (fatty acid) will have radioactive carbon in:

no part of the molecule

the sphingolipid catabolism disease caused by a defective glucocerebrosidase is;

Gauchers

_____ are lipoproteins that transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body

chylomicrons

what inhibits acetyl coa carboxylase (ACC) and subsequently inhibits fatty acid synthesis (FAS)

AMP-activated protein kinase

what catalyzes the formulation of butyryl ACP from crotonyl ACP in fatty acid synthesis

enoyl reductase

which step in beta oxidation (fatty acid oxidation) involves a reverse claisen condensation

beta-ketothiolase

which ketone body is formed by slow, spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate?

acetone

The synthesis of both glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols involves ____ as an intermediate

phosphatidic acid

T/F: the building blocks for sphingosine biosynthesis are threonine and palmitoyl coa

FALSE

what are the essential amino acids

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

PVT TIM HaLL (histidine only adults)

What AA are ketogenic?

Lysine and leucine

which AA are BOTH ketogenic and glucogenic?

IPTTT, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, threonine

can glutamate DH carry out reaction in either direction?

yes

what AA get catabolized into pyruvate

cysteine. alanine, glycine, threonine, tryptophan

deficiency in what vitamin in pregnancy results in neural tube defects like spina bifida?

folic acid (B9)

what enzyme catalyzed reactions involve THF or a THF derivative (ex: N5, N10-methylene THF, N5, methyl THF)

glycine cleavage system (GCS)

reactions catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

reactions catalyzed by MTHFR

conversion of homocysteine to methionine by methionine synthase

serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT)

what AA gets catabolized into alpha ketoglutarate

arginine, histidine, proline, glutamine

mutation in which enzyme results in genetic disorder : Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

what metabolite is an activator of the main control point in the urea cycle?

N-Acetyl glutamate

which urea cycle enzymes involve the urea cycle metabolites (both reactants and products) that are ONLY IN CYTOSOL

argininosuccinase

the first amino group entering the urea cycle comes from:

either glutamate or glutamine

net products of the urea cycle are:

one molecule of urea, one molecule of AMP, two molecules of ADP and one molecule of fumaric acid

what building block (molecule) does the tau nitrogen on the His ring come from?

ATP

what is a building block needed to make all 3 aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp)

erythrose-4-phosphate and PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate)

glutamine is converted to glutamate and NH4+ by

glutaminase

what is the correct order in the catabolism of methionin into the krebs cycle?

Met --> SAMe --> homocystine --> alpha KB --> succinyl coa

the catabolism of all three benzene ring containing aromatic acids (Trp, Phe, and Tyr) involve several reactions involving _________

Q2

how does glyphosate affect amino acids in plants

competitive inhibitor of the synthesis of chorismate in plants

disrupts shikimate pathway

the first step in the catabolism of most L-amino acids once they have reached the liver is promoted by _________

aminotransferases in the cytosol

what is the main control point of AA biosynthesis?

glutamine synthetase

what substrate does glutamine synthetase use (for E)

ATP

what EC classification is glutamine synthetase?

EC 6 ligase

what AA is needed to provide part of the carbon skeleton for the biosynthesis of heme?

glycine

does serine dehydratase catalyze a transamination reation?

no

does serine dehydratase involve a deamination?

yes

what cofactor does serine dehydratase require?

PLP cofactor

what does serine dehydratase convert ____ to _____

serine to pyruvte

trypsinogen is activated by

enterokinase and trypsin