the spatial arrangement of organisms within a particular area - can be random, uniform, and clumped
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age structure
a model that predicts the population growth rate by a shape.
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limiting resource
a material or immaterial supply that the population needs to survive. and which limits population growth due it its scarcity
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carrying capacity (*K*)
max number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environment.
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population growth rate
the natural increase of a population, expressed as percent per year
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exponential growth model
growth model that estimates a population's future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population.
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Shape of an exponential growth curve?
J-shaped Curve
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logistic growth model
growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
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Shape of logistic growth model?
S-shaped
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overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment's maximum carrying capacity.
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die-off
a rapid decline in population size when carrying capacity is exceeded and resources are limited
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corridor
strips of habitat that connect populations; a belt of land linking two. areas or following a river
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metapopulation
group of populations of the same species that are separated.
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symbiotic relationship
Any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species
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competition
The struggle of of individuals to obtain a shared limited resource.
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competitive exclusion principle
Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist.
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Why does the competitive exclusion principle apply?
Under a given set of environmental conditions, when two species have the same realized niche, one species will perform better and will drive the other species to extinction.
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resource partitioning
two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology. When two species compete for the same resource, they can adapt to help them coexist.
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predation
one animal kills and consumes another animal.
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parasitism
one organism lives on or off of another organism.
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parasitoid
an insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the bodies of other arthropods
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pathogen
a living organism that can cause disease in another organism.
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mutualism
An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival for both species.
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commensalism
A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is not helped or harmed.
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Keystone species
species that play a pivotal role in the structure, function, and integrity of an ecosystem
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ecosystem engineer
species that modify their environment in a significant manner, creating new habitats or modifying existing ones to suit their needs
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primary succession
happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time - without soil.
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secondary succession
a previously occupied area is re-colonized following a disturbance that kills much or all of its community - with soil.
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pioneer species
first species to populate an area during primary succession.
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Herbivory
An interaction in which an animal consumes a producer.
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Methods that prey have developed to defend against predators, parasites, herbivory?
Fulfill a specific niche very well, thrive when conditions are right, require unique resources, not adaptable.
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Specialist species ____ a limited diet.
have
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Habitats that generalist species are found in?
Variety - they can adapt to many different types of habitats.
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Habitats that specialist species are found in?
Specific habitats - they need a certain type of habitat.
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Most species fall in _________ the
__ - selected and __ - selected categories.
between, r, k
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K-selected species have a ___ intrinsic growth rate.
low
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R-selected species have a ____ intrinsic growth rate.
high
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K-selected species reach reproductive maturity ________.
relatively late
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r-selected species reach reproductive maturity ________.
relatively early
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K-selected species provide ________ parental care and have ______, ______ offspring.
substantial, a few, large
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r-selected species provide _____ to ___ parental care and produce _______ amounts of offspring.
little, no, large
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K-selected species have a ______ lifespan, r-selected species have a ______ lifespan.
long, short
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K-selected species’ population is largely determined by the _________ _________.
carrying capacity.
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r-selected species’ populations ________ stay near the carrying capacity.
rarely
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r-selected species often experience large ________ and then _____ - ____.
overshoots, die-offs
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Biotic potential:
the maximum number of individuals a species can produce - when a species has its highest birth rate and lowest death rate
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Invasive species are generally __ - selected.
r
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Type I survivorship curve:
high survival throughout most of life span, but individuals start to die in large numbers as old age approaches.
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Species with a type I survivorship curve are generally ____________ species like _______, _______, and _______.
k-selected, humans, elephants, whales
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Type II survivorship curve:
Relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout life span.
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Examples of species with a type II survivorship curve are _________ and _______.
squirrels, coral
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type III survivorship curve:
Low survivorship early in life, with few individuals reaching adult life.
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Species with a type III curve are generally ___________, and examples are _______ and ________.
r-selected, dandelions, mosquitoes
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Lynx and hares - boom and bust
Similar thing as wolves and moose, as hare pop. increases, so does lynx pop., then lynx eat hares, leading to less hares, therefore less lynxes, and more hares. This is where “boom and bust” comes from.
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Wolves and moose on Isle royale
The wolf pop. declined due to a canine virus, which led to increases in the moose pop. As time went on, the wolf pop.n increased, and in turn, the moose pop. decreased. This kept happening - pops. kept increasing and decreasing.
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Intrinsic growth rate
The max potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources.
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less resources means….
less organisms
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Limiting resources determine the ________ _________ and this determines the logistic growth model.
carrying capacity.
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demography
study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
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immigration
number of people entering a country - pop. size increases
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emmigration
number of people leaving the country - pop. size decreases
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crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of births per 1000 people
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crude death rate (CDR)
number of deaths per 1000 people
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doubling time
the time it takes for the population to double
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total fertility rate
the average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive age
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replacement level fertility
total fertility rate required to offset avg. number of death in a population in order to maintain pop. size
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replacement level fertility is usually just over ___.
2
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developed country
economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living
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developing country
exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement
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life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
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infant mortality
rate of the number of children that die before the age of one
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Reasons for high infant mortality rate?
lack of sanitation, contraceptives, no medical technology or not any access to healthcare.
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net migration rate
difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country.
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demographic transition
the transition from high to lower birth a death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
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IPAT equation
I = P x A x T
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What does the IPAT equation describe?
The IPAT Equation is an attempt to describe the impact of population, affluence and technology on the environment.
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family planning
the effort to plan the number and spacing of children in a family
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urban area
Geographic area with a population of 2,500 or more.
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Urban sprawl
The rapid and often poorly planned spread of cities and suburbs out into the countryside.
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Urban blight
degradation of environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs.
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Zoning
Various parcels of land designed for certain uses such as residential, commercial, or mixed-use.
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Smart growth
overall approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and robust community engagement.
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doubling time equation
dt = 70/r
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growth rate equation
r = (b-d) + (i-e)
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World population
8 billion
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USA population
332 million
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3 most populous countries?
China, India, USA
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3 largest urban areas?
Tokyo, Mumbai, Dehli
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population momentum
The effect of current age structure on future population growth.
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3 categories of age structure diagrams?
Pyramid, column, inverted pyramid
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Pyramid age structure diagram:
illustrates a rapidly growing population population - developing countries
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Column age structure diagram:
Shows population stability - developed countries
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Inverted pyramid age structure diagram:
Only in very developed countries, more elderly than young.
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population growth momentum
continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented.
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Why does population growth momentum occur?
Because there are large numbers of individuals at reproductive maturity in the population. The momentum here is like a heavy freight train - population isn’t something that can be controlled short term.
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The main factors that influence TFR:
education for women, family planning, less need for children in workforce, industrialization, govt. policies, and cost of raising children
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When women are more educated and there is more family planning/contraceptives, the TFR is _________.
Studied by 60 people
Note 
Flashcard (73)