Unit 4 APES

this set includes material from chap 6 and 7 in the apes textbook, as well as pgs 360-365.

population distribution

the spatial arrangement of organisms within a particular area - can be random, uniform, and clumped

age structure

a model that predicts the population growth rate by a shape.

limiting resource

a material or immaterial supply that the population needs to survive. and which limits population growth due it its scarcity

carrying capacity (*K*)

max number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environment.

population growth rate 

the natural increase of a population, expressed as percent per year

exponential growth model

growth model that estimates a population's future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population.

Shape of an exponential growth curve?

J-shaped Curve

logistic growth model

growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.

Shape of logistic growth model?

S-shaped

overshoot

when a population becomes larger than the environment's maximum carrying capacity.

die-off

a rapid decline in population size when carrying capacity is exceeded and resources are limited

corridor

strips of habitat that connect populations; a belt of land linking two. areas or following a river

metapopulation

group of populations of the same species that are separated.

symbiotic relationship

Any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species

competition

The struggle of of individuals to obtain a shared limited resource.

competitive exclusion principle

Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist.

Why does the competitive exclusion principle apply?

Under a given set of environmental conditions, when two species have the same realized niche, one species will perform better and will drive the other species to extinction.

resource partitioning

two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology. When two species compete for the same resource, they can adapt to help them coexist.

predation

one animal kills and consumes another animal.

parasitism

one organism lives on or off of another organism.

parasitoid

an insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the bodies of other arthropods

pathogen

a living organism that can cause disease in another organism.

mutualism

An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival for both species.

commensalism

A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is not helped or harmed.

Keystone species

species that play a pivotal role in the structure, function, and integrity of an ecosystem

ecosystem engineer

species that modify their environment in a significant manner, creating new habitats or modifying existing ones to suit their needs

primary succession 

happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time - without soil.

secondary succession

a previously occupied area is re-colonized following a disturbance that kills much or all of its community - with soil.

pioneer species

first species to populate an area during primary succession.

Herbivory

An interaction in which an animal consumes a producer.

Methods that prey have developed to defend against predators, parasites, herbivory?

Behavioral, morphological, chemical, mechanical defenses. Hiding, reduced movement, camouflage, spines, releasing toxins, mimicry.

Characteristics of generalist species?

Broad niche, adaptable, use variety of resources.

Generalist species _____ have a limited diet.

don’t

Characteristics of specialist species?

Fulfill a specific niche very well, thrive when conditions are right, require unique resources, not adaptable.

Specialist species ____ a limited diet.

have

Habitats that generalist species are found in?

Variety - they can adapt to many different types of habitats.

Habitats that specialist species are found in?

Specific habitats - they need a certain type of habitat.

Most species fall in _________ the

__ - selected and __ - selected categories.

between, r, k

K-selected species have a ___ intrinsic growth rate.

low

R-selected species have a ____ intrinsic growth rate.

high

K-selected species reach reproductive maturity ________.

relatively late

r-selected species reach reproductive maturity ________.

relatively early

K-selected species provide ________ parental care and have ______, ______ offspring.

substantial, a few, large

r-selected species provide _____ to ___ parental care and produce _______ amounts of offspring.

little, no, large

K-selected species have a ______ lifespan, r-selected species have a ______ lifespan.

long, short

K-selected species’ population is largely determined by the _________ _________.

carrying capacity.

r-selected species’ populations ________ stay near the carrying capacity.

rarely

r-selected species often experience large ________ and then _____ - ____.

overshoots, die-offs

Biotic potential:

the maximum number of individuals a species can produce - when a species has its highest birth rate and lowest death rate

Invasive species are generally __ - selected.

r

Type I survivorship curve:

high survival throughout most of life span, but individuals start to die in large numbers as old age approaches.

Species with a type I survivorship curve are generally ____________ species like _______, _______, and _______.

k-selected, humans, elephants, whales

Type II survivorship curve:

Relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout life span.

Examples of species with a type II survivorship curve are _________ and _______.

squirrels, coral

type III survivorship curve:

Low survivorship early in life, with few individuals reaching adult life.

Species with a type III curve are generally ___________, and examples are _______ and ________.

r-selected, dandelions, mosquitoes

Lynx and hares - boom and bust

Similar thing as wolves and moose, as hare pop. increases, so does lynx pop., then lynx eat hares, leading to less hares, therefore less lynxes, and more hares. This is where “boom and bust” comes from.

Wolves and moose on Isle royale

The wolf pop. declined due to a canine virus, which led to increases in the moose pop. As time went on, the wolf pop.n increased, and in turn, the moose pop. decreased. This kept happening - pops. kept increasing and decreasing.

Intrinsic growth rate

The max potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources.

less resources means….

less organisms

Limiting resources determine the ________ _________ and this determines the logistic growth model.

carrying capacity.

demography

study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

immigration

number of people entering a country - pop. size increases

emmigration

number of people leaving the country - pop. size decreases

crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of births per 1000 people

crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths per 1000 people

doubling time

the time it takes for the population to double

total fertility rate

the average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive age

replacement level fertility

total fertility rate required to offset avg. number of death in a population in order to maintain pop. size

replacement level fertility is usually just over ___.

2

developed country

economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living

developing country

exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

infant mortality

rate of the number of children that die before the age of one

Reasons for high infant mortality rate?

lack of sanitation, contraceptives, no medical technology or not any access to healthcare.

net migration rate

difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country.

demographic transition

the transition from high to lower birth a death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

IPAT equation

I = P x A x T

What does the IPAT equation describe?

The IPAT Equation is an attempt to describe the impact of population, affluence and technology on the environment.

family planning

the effort to plan the number and spacing of children in a family

urban area

Geographic area with a population of 2,500 or more.

Urban sprawl

The rapid and often poorly planned spread of cities and suburbs out into the countryside.

Urban blight

degradation of environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs.

Zoning

Various parcels of land designed for certain uses such as residential, commercial, or mixed-use.

Smart growth

overall approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and robust community engagement.

doubling time equation

dt = 70/r

growth rate equation

 r = (b-d) + (i-e)

World population

8 billion

USA population

332 million

3 most populous countries?

China, India, USA

3 largest urban areas?

Tokyo, Mumbai, Dehli

population momentum

The effect of current age structure on future population growth.

3 categories of age structure diagrams?

Pyramid, column, inverted pyramid

Pyramid age structure diagram:

illustrates a rapidly growing population population - developing countries

Column age structure diagram:

Shows population stability - developed countries

Inverted pyramid age structure diagram:

Only in very developed countries, more elderly than young.

population growth momentum

continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented.

Why does population growth momentum occur?

Because there are large numbers of individuals at reproductive maturity in the population. The momentum here is like a heavy freight train - population isn’t something that can be controlled short term.

The main factors that influence TFR:

education for women, family planning, less need for children in workforce, industrialization, govt. policies, and cost of raising children

When women are more educated and there is more family planning/contraceptives, the TFR is _________.

lower