Chapter 9-- The Market Revolution

a new economy: series of innovations in these two things represented an acceleration of developments already under way in the colonial era

transportation and communication

a new economy: who was the president during the market revolution

abraham lincoln

roads and steamboats: how did new transportations affect the economy

• opened new land to settlement

• lowered transportation costs

• made it easier for economic enterprise to sell their products

roads and steamboats: how did transportation inventions affect farmers

inventions linked farmers to national and world markets and made them major consumers of manufactured goods

roads and steamboats: first advance in overland transportation came through the construction of

toll roads

roads and steamboats: in 1806, Congress authorized the construction of the paved ________ from Cumberland, MD to the Old Northwest

national road

the Erie canal: what was the Erie canal

a significant waterway that allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes and NYC

the Erie canal: what group of people migrated from NW bc of the Erie canal that led to the birth of new cities like Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse

many farmers

the Erie canal: what purpose did the Erie canal serve to NYC

it gave them a dominant advantage over other ports in access to trading w/ the Old Northwest

the Erie canal: why did other states want to build canal constructions?

it was to match NYC success of the Erie Canal

the rise of the west: how many new states enter the Union after the war of 1812

six

the rise of the west: once people from the east migrated after the war of 1812 to the west, what happened?

they cooperated with each other to clear land, build houses and barns, and establish communities

the rise of the west: some western migrants became what?

squatters— western migrants who set up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title

the rise of the west: what did the west become the home to?

it became home of regional cultures

• Upper NW resembled New England 

• Lower South replicated southern Atlantic states 

the rise of the west: what happened to the nations borders as the population moved west

it expanded

the rise of the west: what’s an example of the nation expanding boundaries

FL

• In 1810, the U.S. annexed West Florida after a rebellion

• In 1818, Andrew Jackson led troops into East Florida, leading to an international crisis → Spain selling Florida to the U.S. in the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty

an internal background: what did the Ohio river mark

the boundary between free and slave societies

the cotton kingdom: what were cotton kingdoms

Cotton-producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois

the cotton kingdom: Eli Whitney invented what? why was it signification

the cotton gin, which significantly increased the efficiency of cotton production and fueled the expansion of the cotton economy in the South

the cotton kingdom: after Congress prohibited the Atlantic slave trade, what opened within the US

its very own slave trade, which supplied the labor force required by the new cotton kingdom

the unfree westward movement: why was there a sufficient transport of slaves

bc majority of the slaves were to be sold at auctions for work in the cotton fields → slave trades became a business

the unfree westward movement: what were slave coffles

groups chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South

the unfree westward movement: how was westward movement unfair

While the westward movement meant greater freedom for many whites, African-Americans suffered the destruction of family ties, the breakup of long-standing communities, and receding opportunities for liberty

commercial farmers: how was the economy in the south

an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities

commercial farmers: what were farmers concentrated on

growing crops and raising livestock's for sale

commercial farmers: for western farmers, growing cities meant what for their production

it mean that they had access to larger markets and sources of credit

commercial farmers: Loans originating with ____ banks and insurance companies financed the acquisition of land and supplies

eastern

commercial farmers: what expanded production

purchase of fertilizer and new agriculture machinery

growth of cities: cities formed part of what frontier

western

the growth of cities: urban centers expanded, which started a chain for what

markets expanding → economic opportunity → entrepreneurs gathered artisans into large workshops in order to oversee their work and subdivide their tasks

the factory system: what did factory systems gather

large groups of workers under central supervision w/ power driven machinery

the factory system: who was Samuel Slater?

established America’s first factory in 1790 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island from memory

the factory system: why were machines harmful towards workers

they were taking over their jobs

the factory system: Cutoff of British imports because of the Embargo of 1807 & the war of 1812 led to what

the establishment of the first large-scale American factory utilizing power looms for weaving cotton cloth 

• 1814, MA by Boston Associates 

• MA soon became 2nd most industrialized region of the world

the factory system: why was steam power so significant

it made it possible for factory owners to locate in towns nearer to the cost & local markets 

the factory system: what was American system of manufactures

• Relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products

• First perfected in CT by Eli Terry & Eli Whitney in 1840s & 50s 

the factory system: which region engaged in factory production? which region lacked it?

• north engaged

• south lacked

the industrial worker: how did the market revolution help to change Americans’ conception of time

• Valued leisure time more

• More conscious of their time

• Closely being supervised for a period of time violated independence 

the “mill girls”: who did early New England textile mills rely on

female and child labor

the “mill girls”: to convince parents to let their daughters leave home to work, Lowl owner set up boarding houses with strict rules regulating and establishing what 

regulating personal behavior & establishing lecture halls and churches to occupy women’s free time

the “mill girls”: why was the “mill girls” important for women

they enjoyed the new freedoms and independence from working

the growth of immigration: economic expansion fueled a demand for labor, so what did this result in

immigrants came flooding to America, most headed for North

the growth of immigration: what drove emigration

the industrial revolution and modernization in Europe pushed peasants off land and displaced craft workers

the growth of immigration: what made it easy to emigrate

Advancements in transportation, like ocean going steamships and railroads, made long-distance travel easier and cheaper

irish and german newcomers: who were the people that contributed most to the immigration population and why?

• 1st were the Irish people; many emigrated due to the Great Potato Famine

• 2nd were German

irish and German newcomers: what was the difference between the Irish and German

irish immigrants were unskilled, so they took the bad, low-wage jobs that nobody wanted. the Germans were more skilled, which resulted in them attaining better jobs. additionally, unlike the Irish, they Germans were able to have their own schools, newspaper associations, and churches

the rise of nativism: why did the Irish face hostility when coming to america

because they were Catholics within an anti-catholicism protestant society

the rise of nativism: what were nativists

those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life

• would blame immigrants for everything going wrong

the rise of nativism: what did the alien act of 1789 reflect

fear of immigrants with radical political views

the transformation of laws: who gained special privileges? what did this allow them to do?

• corporations

• allowed them to raise more capital and grow without risking personal assets

the transformation of laws: the supreme court corporate charters as _____ and struck down efforts to limit _____

contract; competition

the transformation of laws: what was Dartmouth college v. woodward

set the precedent of support of contracts against state interference

the transformation of laws: what was gibbons v. ogden

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies

the transformation of laws: local judges often sided with who

corporations over workers' rights

the transformation of laws: what was commonwealth v. hunt

the courts initially opposed worker strikes, but in 1842 they ruled that workers could legally organize unions and strike for better wages 

the west and freedom: the settlement and economic exploitation of the West promised what

to prevent the US from following down the path of Europe & becoming a society with fixed social classes & a large group of wage-earning poor 

the west and freedom: what did the market revolution make people think of freedom

made people think freedom meant being able to succeed in business and life without government interference, which ignored the struggles of those who didn’t have the same opportunities

the west and freedom: what did Ralph Waldo Emerson view freedom as

thought freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives

the west and freedom: who were transcendentalists

philosophical group members who focused on the importance of individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions 

individualism: what was American individualism?

a belief that emphasizes personal independence and self-reliance, allowing individuals to pursue their own paths in life

individualism: what was privacy

realm of self; one with which neither other individuals nor government had a right to interfere 

individualism: Henry David Thoreau believed the market revolution was degrading both Americans’ value and natural environment. What did Henry David Thoreau want people to do?

thoreau wanted people to simplify their life and not become obsessed with the accumulation of wealth

the second great awakening: what was the second great awakening

added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination

the second great awakening impact: what did charles finney mean by “moral free agent”?

a person free to choose between living a christian life or living in sin

the second great awakening impact: how did religious revivals reflect market revolution values?

they said ordinary people could shape their spiritual destiny, just like they could shape their economic future

the second great awakening impact: what traits did evangelical ministers promote?

self-discipline, hard work, and sobriety—qualities that matched success in a market economy

the emergence of Mormonism: who founded the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (mormons), and when?

joseph smith founded it in the 1820s in the burned-over district of new york

the emergence of Mormonism: what made joseph smith’s teachings controversial?

joseph smith had visions, preached new scriptures, and introduced polygamy

the emergence of Mormonism: why did the mormons move to utah in 1847?

to escape persecution, led by brigham young with 15,000 followers

liberty and prosperity: what did the idea of the “self-made man” represent during the market revolution?

the belief that anyone could rise through hard work and ambition

liberty and prosperity: who was john jacob astor, and how did he get rich?

son of a poor german butcher, he made money trading furs and importing goods from china, then invested in ny real estate

liberty and prosperity: how did the market revolution create a new middle class?

it opened jobs for clerks, accountants, and office workers in cities like boston and new york

race and opportunity: how were free blacks treated during the market revolution?

they were excluded from most new economic opportunities and faced widespread discrimination

race and opportunity: how did free blacks respond to exclusion from the economy?

they built their own communities with mutual aid groups, schools, and churches like the african methodist episcopal (ame) church

race and opportunity: what laws and actions limited free blacks' rights by 1860?

federal law denied them access to public land, and states like indiana, illinois, iowa, and oregon banned them from entering entirely

the cult of domesticity: what was the “cult of domesticity”?

the 19th-century ideology of “virtue” and “modesty” as the qualities that were essential to proper womanhood

the cult of domesticity: how did the cult of domesticity limit women’s roles?

it minimized their participation in the outside world and tied freedom to fulfilling “natural” gender roles

the cult of domesticity: how did women still have influence during the market revolution?

they gained more control over family and household affairs while men worked outside the home

woman and work: what types of jobs did poor women often have during the market revolution?

they worked as domestic servants, factory workers, and seamstresses

woman and work: how did early industrialization affect women’s work?

it created paid work for women, especially in the north, though they still had to manage household duties

woman and work: what was the “family wage” ideal?

the belief that men should earn enough to support their families so women wouldn’t need to work outside the home

early labor movement: what were the first Workingmen's Parties, and why were they created?

created in the late 1820s by skilled craftsmen to protect traditional skills and oppose the rise of wage labor

early labor movement: what were some key demands of early labor movements in the 1830s?

higher wages, shorter work hours, free land for settlers, and the release of imprisoned union leaders

early labor movement: what issues did early labor unions focus on during the market revolution?

free public education, an end to debt imprisonment, and a ten-hour workday

the liberty of living: what did workers’ protests during the market revolution focus on?

economic autonomy, equality, and freedom from oppression and exploitation

the liberty of living: how did the 1835 conviction of new york tailors and the 1830s lowell mill women’s protests reflect labor movement goals?

hey highlighted a growing movement focused on fighting exploitation and claiming freedom from oppression

the liberty of living: what did some labor leaders, such as langdon byllesby, argue about wage labor?

argued that wage labor was a form of slavery, as it created economic dependence and limited freedom

the liberty of living: what did leaders, like orestes brownson, critique about the market economy?

believed social inequality was rooted in societal structures and needed institutional change, not just personal self-reliance

the liberty of living: how did peter rödel’s (immigrant) views foreshadow later ideas of economic security?

he argued that true freedom includes a standard of living below which no person should fall, anticipating future debates about economic security

the liberty of living: how did the market revolution impact different groups’ freedom?

it promoted individualism for white men but limited freedom for women and african americans, sparking debates on economic freedom and inequality