AP Biology - Unit 2

Structure and Function of a Cell

Two organelle classes:

endomembrane and energy organelles

phagocytosis

the cell engulfs particles to be digested by lysosomes(food vacuole
)

receptor mediated endocytosis

specific uptake of molecules by solute binding to receptors on the plasma membrane

pinocytosis

nonspecific uptake of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules

membrane potential

electrical difference across plasma membrane due to distributions of ions inside and outside of cell

proton pump - active transport

integral protein builds up protein gradient across membrane - pumps H out of the cell

electrogenic pump

proteins generate voltage across membrane which can be used later as an energy source

cytoskeleton microtubules

structural support and cell mobility

cytoskeleton microfilaments

maintain cell shape and participates in muscle contractions

cytoskeleton intermediate filaments

permanent structural elements and it anchors organelles

water will flow from…

areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential

water will flow from…

areas of low solute to areas of high solute concentration

water will flow from…

high pressure to areas of low pressure

endosymbiont theory

theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotic cells

chloroplast

special organelle in plants and photosynthetic algae - site of photosynthesis

mitochondria

cellular respiration

lysosome

breaks down macromolecules -autophagy(recycle own organelles that aren’t functioning and apoptosis(programmed cell death)

golgi complex

modifies, sorts, adds molecular tags, and packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

rough - ribosomes bound to ER and compartmentalizes protein synthesis - smooth- synthesizes lipids and detoxifies the cell

ribosome

made