BIOL 1407 - Green Plants

archaeplastida

red algae, chlorophytes and charophytes (green algae), land plants

streptophytes

group that includes green algae and land plants (green plants)

embryophytes

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

lycophytes

includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. These lack seeds.

pterophytes

Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

Spermatophytes

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

similarities of green algae and land plants

-same chloroplast structure

-similar thylakoids arrangements

-similar cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes

-their chloroplasts synthesize starch as a storage product

Evolution of land plants

alternation of generations, growth from apical meristems

apical meristems (land plants)

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

haplontic

having a life cycle in which the main form is haploid, with a diploid zygote being formed only briefly

diplontic

A type of life cycle in which gametes are the only haploid cells and mitosis occurs only in diploid cells

haplo-diplontic

referring to a life cycle in which the organism spends significant time in both the haploid and diploid stages

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism, sporophyte dominant is evolutionary trend in land plants

gametophyte

Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism, dominant in lower plants

alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle, both haploid and diploid cells multicellular

adaptations of evolving land plants

water loss, uv light (pigments), upright growth (vascular tissue)

nonvascular plants

Plants that lack a well-developed system of tubes for transporting water and other materials

seedless vascular plants

Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)

seed plants

have vascular tissue and make seeds, angiosperms

cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

stomates

Openings in leaves to exchange photosynthetic gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen

vascular tissues

xylem and phloem

homosporous

Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte, nonvascular plants

heterosporous

A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, seed plants

sporophyte dependent

Sporophyte relies on gametophyte for nutrition.

megaspore

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte.

Gynoecium (carpels)

the female part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels.

androecium (stamen)

The male reproductive part of a flower

pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants, helped by other organisms such as bees, or natural forces such as wind or water movement in aquatic plants

tracheids

A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.

vessel elements

A short, wide, water conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to form micropipes called vessels.

gametangia

A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant

antheridia

Structures in plants that produce male gametes

archegonia

Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant