Mid-Term 2 Medical Terminology Professor Spurgin

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

What does the mouth do?

The mouth begins the process of digestion by chewing and breaking down food into smaller pieces.

What does the esophagus do?

The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis.

What does the stomach do?

The stomach secretes gastric juices to break down food further and mixes it into a semi-liquid form called chyme.

What does the small intestine do?

The small intestine absorbs nutrients from the chyme into the bloodstream for distribution to the body.

What does the large intestine do?

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces.

What does the liver do?

The liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

What does the gallbladder do?

The gallbladder stores and releases bile into the small intestine.

What does the pancreas do?

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels.

What are the major parts of the respiratory system?

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.

What does the nose do?

It filters, warms, and moistens the air we breathe.

What does the pharynx do?

It serves as a passage for both air and food.

What does the larynx do?

It contains the vocal cords and helps produce sound.

What does the trachea do?

It carries air from the larynx to the bronchi.

What do the bronchi do?

They are two branches that carry air into the lungs.

What do the lungs do?

They are the main organs of respiration, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled.

What does the diaphragm do?

It is a muscle that aids in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing.

What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What does the heart do?

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It consists of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

What do the blood vessels do?

There are three types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

What does the blood do?

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infections, platelets help in blood clotting, and plasma carries nutrients and waste products.

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are accessory organs.

Describe the anatomy of the heart.

The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest cavity. It consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The atria contract to pump blood into the ventricles. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The heart is surrounded by a protective sac called the pericardium and is supplied with oxygen and nutrients by the coronary arteries. The heart's rhythmic contractions are controlled by electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) node.

Describe the flow of blood through the heart.

The flow of blood through the heart can be described as follows:

1. Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.

2. The right atrium contracts, forcing the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

3. The right ventricle contracts, pumping the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.

4. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

5. The blood is now high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.

6. It returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

7. The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

8. The left ventricle contracts, pumping the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.

9. The aorta distributes the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

10. The cycle repeats as deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the vena cava.

Define pulse.

Pulse refers to the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries as blood is pumped through them by the heart. It is typically measured by counting the number of beats per minute at certain points in the body, such as the wrist or neck.

Define blood pressure.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it around the body. It is measured using two values: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart contracts) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart relaxes). Blood pressure is an important indicator of cardiovascular health.

What are some common cardiovascular system pathology terms?

Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Hypertension, Arrhythmia, Congestive heart failure, Coronary artery disease, Valvular heart disease, Cardiomyopathy, Peripheral artery disease, and Stroke.

What is an atherosclerosis?

A condition where plaque builds up in the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden.

What is a myocardial infarction?

Also known as a heart attack, it occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure, which can strain the heart and blood vessels.

What is an arrythmia?

An irregular heartbeat, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular in rhythm.

What is congestive heart failure?

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

What is coronary artery disease?

A narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle.

What is valvular heart disease?

Damage or dysfunction of the heart valves, affecting blood flow within the heart.

What is cardiomyopathy?

A disease of the heart muscle, leading to weakened or enlarged heart chambers.

What is peripheral artery disease?

Narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the limbs, causing reduced blood flow.

What is a stroke?

A disruption of blood flow to the brain is often caused by a blood clot or bleeding.

What do arteries do?

These vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues. They have thick, elastic walls that can withstand high pressure. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.

What do veins do?

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body's tissues. They have thinner walls compared to arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow. Veins merge into larger vessels called venules.

What do capillaries do?

Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins. They allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Capillaries have a large surface area and slow blood flow to facilitate this exchange.

What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What does the heart do?

It pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What do the blood vessels do?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allowing for exchange of nutrients and waste.

What does the blood do?

It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It also helps regulate body temperature and pH, and plays a role in immune response and clotting.

What are some common blood, lymphatic, and immune system pathology terms

Anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, thrombocytopenia, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, hemophilia, and sepsis.

What is anemia?

A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

What is leukemia?

A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, causing an abnormal increase in white blood cells.

What is lymphoma?

A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, leading to the abnormal growth of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

What is thrombocytopenia?

A condition characterized by a low platelet count, which can result in abnormal bleeding and bruising.

What is autoimmune disease?

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own tissues.

What is an immunodeficiency?

A condition in which the immune system is weakened or compromised, making individuals more susceptible to infections.

What is hemophilia?

A genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to control blood clotting, leading to excessive bleeding.

What is sepsis?

A life-threatening condition caused by a severe infection that can lead to organ failure and tissue damage.

What are some common respiratory system pathology terms?

Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

What is asthma?

A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing.

What is bronchitis?

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

What is pneumonia?

An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus.

What is emphysema?

A chronic lung disease that causes shortness of breath by damaging the air sacs in the lungs.

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A group of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which make it difficult to breathe.

What is tuberculosis?

A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing coughing, chest pain, and fever.

What is pulmonary embolism?

A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot.

What is lung cancer?

A malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the lungs, often caused by smoking or exposure to certain chemicals.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):

A chronic disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits without any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities.

Crohn's Disease:

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

What is the rectum?

The lower part of the large intestine is where feces are stored before elimination.

What is the anus?

The opening at the end of the digestive tract through which waste materials are expelled.

adenoid/o

adenoids

aer/o

air

agglutin/o

clumping

alveol/o

alveolus; air sac

an/o

anus

angi/o

vessel

anthrac/o

coal

aort/o

aorta

append/o

appendix

appendic/o

appendix

arteri/o

artery

atel/o

incomplete

ather/o

fatty substance

atri/o

atrium

axill/o

axilla, underarm

bar/o

weight

bas/o

base

bronch/o

bronchus

bronchi/o

bronchus

bronchiol/o

bronchiole

bucc/o

cheek

cardi/o

heart

cec/o

cecum

chol/e

bile, gall

cholangi/o

bile duct

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

choledoch/o

common bile duct

chrom/o

color

cirrh/o

yellow

coagul/o

clotting

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

coni/o

dust

coron/o

heart