Psychology Semester 1 Exam

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 4 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/155

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

156 Terms

1
New cards
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who, working with dogs, had shown that a reflex such as salvation could be caused to occur in response to a totally new and formerly unrelated stimulus
2
New cards
John B. Watson
* psychologist who’s the founder of behaviorism
* believed all behavior is learned
3
New cards
B.F. Skinner
* new leader of the behavioral perspective field
* developed theory that voluntary behavior is learned through operant conditioning (which is behavioral responses that are strengthened when followed by pleasurable consequences)
4
New cards
Abraham Moslow
* one of the founders of humanist psychology
* wanted better understanding for self-actualization (which is achieving one’s full potential)
5
New cards
Carl Rogers
one of the founders of humanistic psychology
6
New cards
Jean Piaget
* believed that children form mental schemes as they experience new situations ad events
* stages of cognitive development include:
* sensorimotor
* preoperational
* concrete operations
* formal operations
7
New cards
Sigmund Freud
* neurologist who developed the psychoanalysis theory
* believed all behavior stems from an unconscious motivation
8
New cards
William James
founder of functionalism
9
New cards
Scientific method
system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurements are reduced
10
New cards
Case study
study of one individual in great detail
11
New cards
Naturalistic Observation
study of people or animals in their natural enviornment
12
New cards
Longitudinal Study
one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages
13
New cards
Random Sample
every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected
14
New cards
Cross-Sectional Study
several different age groups are studied at one time
15
New cards
Independent Varibale
variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
16
New cards
Dependent Variable
variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the suspects in an experiment
17
New cards
Placebo
phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
18
New cards
Double-Blind Procedure
study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group
19
New cards
Genes
sections of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
20
New cards
Chromosomes
tightly wound strands of genetic material or DNA
21
New cards
DNA
special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism
22
New cards
Genome
a complete set of DNA in an organism
23
New cards
Mutation
a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism
24
New cards
Natural selection
principle stating that inherited characteristics that give a survival advantage are more likely to be passed on to future generations
25
New cards
Culture
a shared set of beliefs, behaviors, values, and attitudes held by a group of people or a society
26
New cards
Norms
a culture’s understood rules for expected behavior, values, beliefs, and attitudues
27
New cards
Collectivism
a cultural style that emphasizes the importance of interdependence, group goals, and group needs
28
New cards
Individualism
a cultural style that emphasizes the importance of individuality, independence, and personal needs
29
New cards
Neuron
the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system
30
New cards
Dendrite
branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons
31
New cards
Soma
the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
32
New cards
Axon
tubelike structures that carries the neural message to other cells
33
New cards
Refractory Period
period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential
34
New cards
Synapse
fluid-filled space that connects sensory organs in the peripheral nervous system to the brain
35
New cards
Resting Potential
state where the sodium ions are outside the cell
36
New cards
Neurotransmitter
chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell
37
New cards
Interneurons
neurons found in the center of the spinal cord that recieves information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles
38
New cards
Sympathetic Divison
* fight or flight system
* part of the ANS (automatic nervous system) that is responsible to stressful events and bodily arousal
39
New cards
Parasympathetic Divison
part of the ANS (automatic nervous system) that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands
40
New cards
Endocrine System
consists of the glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood
41
New cards
Pituitary Gland
* AKA the mastery gland
* secretes human growth hormone and influences all the other hormone-secreting glands
42
New cards
Thyroid Gland
* endocrine gland found in the neck
* regulates metabolism
43
New cards
Adrenal Glands
* endocrine glands
* secrete hormones to:
* deal with stress
* regulate salt intake
* provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence
44
New cards
Brainstem
part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
45
New cards
Medulla
* first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain
* responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
46
New cards
Thalamus
relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the cerebral cortex
47
New cards
Cerebellum
* located behind the pons
* controls and cordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement
48
New cards
Hypothalamus
* small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland
* responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex
* maintains homestasis
49
New cards
Hippocampus
* curved structure located within each temperol lobe
* responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects
50
New cards
Amygdala
* brain structure located near the hippocampus
* responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
51
New cards
Cerebral Cortex
* outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons
* responsible for higher thought processes
52
New cards
Corpus callosum
thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
53
New cards
Broca’s Area
* located in the left frontal lobe
* devoted to the production of speech
54
New cards
Wernicke’s Area
* located in the left temporal lobe
* helps us understand the meaning of words
55
New cards
N-REM Sleep
any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
56
New cards
REM Sleep
stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream
57
New cards
Sleep Apnea
disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more
58
New cards
Nacrolepsy
disorder in which the person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day w/o warning
59
New cards
Melatonin
* secreted by pineal gland
* when present it makes us sleepy, when not we become awake
60
New cards
Circadian rythms
a cycle of bodily rhythms that occurs over a 24-hour period
61
New cards
Ultradian rhythms
rhythm w/ a length of less than a day
62
New cards
Infradian rhythm
biological rhythm w/ a frequency of less than 1 cycle in 24 hours
63
New cards
Night terrors
rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep w/o waking fully
64
New cards
Ernest Hilgard
believed hypnosis worked only on the immediate conscious mind of a person, while a part of that mind remained aware of all that was going on
65
New cards
Social Influence Theory
idea that people are heavily influenced by the thoughts and actions of others
66
New cards
Divided Consciousness Theory
state in which one’s consciousness is split into distinct components, possibly during hypnosis
67
New cards
Posthypnotic suggestion
* person is told to focus on what’s being said
* told to relax and feel tired
* told to “let go” and accept suggestions easily
* told to use vivid imaginations
68
New cards
Posthypnotic amnesia
hypnosis can create amnesia of whatever happens during the hypnotic session
69
New cards
Psychoactive drugs
drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
70
New cards
Dependence
person’s body becomes unable to function normally w/o a particular drug
71
New cards
Withdrawl
* physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure
* results from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems
72
New cards
Depressants
drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
73
New cards
Opiates
relieves pain and causes euphoria
74
New cards
Endorphine
hormone released when body feels pain or stress
75
New cards
Stimulants
drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
76
New cards
Amphetamines
stimulants made in labs
77
New cards
Hallucinogens
drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations
78
New cards
Barbiturates
depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
79
New cards
Bottom-up processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
80
New cards
Top-down processing
use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features in a united whole
81
New cards
Absolute threshold
lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present
82
New cards
Sensory adapation
tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
83
New cards
Selective attention
the focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others
84
New cards
Hue
* color
* determined by the length of the wave
85
New cards
Cornea
bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina
86
New cards
Iris
* colored part of the eye
* muscles control the size of the pupil
87
New cards
Pupil
* interior of the eye
* iris opening that changes sizes depending on the amount of light in the environment
88
New cards
Retina
* a light-sensitive area at the back of the eye
* contains photoreceptor cells
89
New cards
Rods
* responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light
90
New cards
Cones
* responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
91
New cards
Optic nerve
nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
92
New cards
Blind spot
* area in the retina where the axons at the 3 layers of the retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve
* sensitive to light
93
New cards
Trichomatic theory
* theory of color vision
* proposes 3 types of cousins: red, blue, and green
94
New cards
Opponent-process theory
* theory of color vision
* proposes 4 primary colors w/ cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow
95
New cards
Hertz
* cycles or waves per second
* a measurement of frequency
* human limits between 20-20,000
96
New cards
Ear drum (tympanic membrane)
separates the outer ear from the middle ear
97
New cards
Cochlea
small-shaped structure of the inner is filled w/ fluid
98
New cards
Hair cells
* on the organ of Corti
* receptors for sound
99
New cards
Auditory nerve
bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear
100
New cards
Kinesthetic sense
sense f the location of body parts relation to the ground and each other