AP Psych Benchmark 1

0.0(0)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Get a hint
Hint

Cognition

Get a hint
Hint

all the mental processes involved with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Get a hint
Hint

Memory

Get a hint
Hint

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Card Sorting

1/117

Anonymous user
Anonymous user
encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

118 Terms

1
New cards

Cognition

all the mental processes involved with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

2
New cards

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

3
New cards

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system

4
New cards

Storage

the retention of encoded material over time

5
New cards

Retrieval

the process of getting the information out of memory storage

6
New cards

Three Stage Processing Model

the theory that a memory goes from sensory memory to short term (aka working) memory and then into long term memory

7
New cards

2 seconds

immediate storage for information, large capacity, limited to .5

8
New cards

Iconic Memory

visual images stored in sensory memory for .5 seconds

9
New cards

Echoic Memory

auditory information stored in sensory memory for 2 seconds

10
New cards

9 items for 20

aka working memory, holds 5

11
New cards

9 items for 20

aka short term memory, holds 5

12
New cards

30 seconds

the amount of items that can be held in short term / working memory for 20

13
New cards

9 items over and over to keep them in short term / working memory

when you practice saying your 5

14
New cards

Long Term Memory (LTM)

where our semantic and episodic memories are stored, unlimited capacity and time

15
New cards

Explicit Memory (a.k.a. declarative)

facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (easy to explain)

16
New cards

declarative Memory (a.k.a. explicit)

facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (easy to explain)

17
New cards

Effortful Processing

when you try to get something into your long term memory

18
New cards

Automatic Processing

when you accidentally get something into your long term memory (especially spacing, timing, frequency)

19
New cards

procedural Memory (a.k.a. Implicit)

actions your body knows how to do without you being able to describe exactly every step involved (impossible to explain)

20
New cards

Implicit Memory (a.k.a. procedural)

actions your body knows how to do without you being able to describe exactly every step involved (impossible to explain)

21
New cards

Positive Transfer

when something you memorized previously helps you memorize something new

22
New cards

Negative Transfer

when something you memorized previously makes it harder to memorize something new

23
New cards

Chunking

grouping items into meaningful groups helps you remember more

24
New cards

Mnemonics

memory aids that help you remember by using a pattern of letters, numbers, or relatable associations like rhymes, poems, songs, outlines, images, etc

25
New cards

Spacing Effect

distributed practice leads to better retention than massed practice

26
New cards

Testing Effect

quizzing yourself on material leads to improved retention

27
New cards

Shallow processing

barely thinking about something leads to poor memory

28
New cards

Deep processing (semantic)

semantic encoding and the self reference effect leads to better memory

29
New cards

Self

applying information to your own life helps you remember it best

30
New cards

Prospective memory

remembering to do something that you had planned to do in the future

31
New cards

Hippocampus

the brain part that processes explicit memories

32
New cards

Cerebellum

the brain part that processes implicit memories

33
New cards

Infantile amnesia

most people have no memories before age 3 because the hippocampus hadn't developed well enough to process explicit memories yet

34
New cards

term memory, which happens especially when we sleep

when recent learned experiences are transformed into long

35
New cards

Flashbulb Memory

a clear, strong, and persistent episodic memory

36
New cards

Long Term Potentiation

neurons that fire together get wired together

37
New cards

term memory with no clues

type of retrieval when we just have to pull it from long

38
New cards

Recognition

type of retrieval when we have options and can just choose the right one

39
New cards

Priming

activating a retrieval cue

40
New cards

Context

when your environment serves as a retrieval cue

41
New cards

State

when your state of consciousness serves as a retrieval cue

42
New cards

dependent memory

a type of state

43
New cards

Serial Position Effect (primacy/recency)

remembering the beginning and end of a list the best

44
New cards

Anterograde Amnesia

type of forgetting where you can't encode new memories

45
New cards

Retrograde Amnesia

type of forgetting where you can't remember old memories

46
New cards

Encoding failure

when you didn't get information into your memory system

47
New cards

Hermann Ebbinghaus

researcher who studied nonsense syllables and found that spaced studying leads to increased retention and that memory fades over time

48
New cards

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve

memories going through an initial stage of rapid memory decline, followed by a slower rate of memory decay over the long term

49
New cards

Savings Score

(aka Relearning Method) Memories are easier to relearn than learn from scratch

50
New cards

"Tip of the tongue" Phenomenon

a type of retrieval failure

51
New cards

Retrieval failure

when you can't find the information in your memory system

52
New cards

Proactive Interference

when old information blocks you from retrieving newer information

53
New cards

Retroactive interference

when new information blocks you from retrieving older information

54
New cards

Source Amnesia

when you can't remember where you got information (you sometimes think it happened to you)

55
New cards

Next

you are unlikely to remember the information that the person presented right before you presented (because you didn't encode what they said)

56
New cards

46poorly stored memory that sort of matches the current situation

when you feel like a new situation is familiar because of a term

57
New cards

Memory Construction

every time you retrieve a memory, you unconsciously fill in the blanks with stuff you know now (aka reconstructive memory)

58
New cards

Misinformation Effect

when the way someone words a question or statement changes your memory

59
New cards

Elizabeth Loftus

researcher who studied eyewitness testimony and focused on the misinformation effect

60
New cards

Visual Encoding

the encoding of picture images

61
New cards

Acoustic Encoding

the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words

62
New cards

Semantic Encoding

the encoding of meaning

63
New cards

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. (p. 356)

64
New cards

concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. (p. 356)

65
New cards

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. (p. 357)

66
New cards

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. (p. 357)

67
New cards

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions). (p. 357)

68
New cards

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). (p. 356)

69
New cards

algorithm

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier/but also more error/prone/use of heuristics. (p. 361)

70
New cards

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. (p. 364)

71
New cards

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. (p. 367)

72
New cards

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. (p. 362)

73
New cards

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. (p. 368)

74
New cards

heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error

75
New cards

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy/based solutions. (p. 361)

76
New cards

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. (p. 363)

77
New cards

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (p. 362)

78
New cards

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct/to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. (p. 365)

79
New cards

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. (p. 364)

80
New cards

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). (p. 377)

81
New cards

babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. (p. 374)

82
New cards

Broca's area

controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (p. 377?)

83
New cards

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. (p. 373)

84
New cards

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. (p. 372)

85
New cards

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. (p. 379)

86
New cards

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). (p. 373)

87
New cards

one word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. (p. 375)

88
New cards

phoneme

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. (p. 373)

89
New cards

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram/"go car"/using mostly nouns and verbs. (p. 375)

90
New cards

two

word stage

91
New cards

Wernicke's area

controls language reception/a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (p. 377)

92
New cards

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. (p. 612)

93
New cards

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. (p. 608)

94
New cards

general intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. (p. 608)

95
New cards

grit

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long

96
New cards

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. (p. 607)

97
New cards

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. (p. 607)

98
New cards

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. (p. 609)

99
New cards

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned. (p. 619)

100
New cards

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. (p. 619)