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Osteology
the description of the skeleton
Arthrology
the description of the Joints
Myology
the description of the muscles
Splanchnology
the description of the Viscera including the following subdivisions of the soft organs of the body
Angiology
the description of the organs of circulation
Neurology
the description of the nervous system
Aesthesiology
the description of the sense organs and common integument
Regional Anatomy
rather than focusing on individual organs or systems, it examines the anatomical features of a particular area of the body
Topographic Study
methods by which the relative positions of various parts of the body are accurately determined.
Anatomical Position
the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the head and eyes facing forwards and palms of the hands facing downwards.
Head Motion
extends/flexes (YES motion) at the occipital-atlantal joint and rotates (NO motion) at the atlantal-axial joint
Spine Motion
extends dorsally and flexes ventrally
Pelvic Girdle
made up of two hip bones that are connected at the middle front part called the pelvic symphysis, and at the back, they connect with the sacrum. Each hip bone, also known as the os coxae, is formed by the fusion of three main bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Shoulder Girdle
Scapula, coracoid, and clavicle
Ilium
largest and most cranial pelvic bone and articulates with the sacrum.
Ischium
most caudal pelvic bone
Pubis
Ventromedial to the ilium and cranial to the large obturator foramen.
Acetabulum a socket
formed where the three pelvic bones meet. It receives the head of the femur in the formation of the hip joint.
Round ligament
connects the fovea capitis (a depression on the head of the femur) to the acetabulum (a socket in the hip bone)
The Hindlimbs Acetabulum corresponds to what forelimb bone?
Glenoid cavity
The Hindlimbs femur corresponds to what forelimb bone?
Humerus
The Hindlimbs tibia/fibula corresponds to what forelimb bone?
Radius/ulna
Pubic symphysis in males
Convex
Pubic symphysis in females
Concave
Tuber coxae
“Hook bone”
Obtrator foramen
Largest foramen in the body
Ischiatic tuber
“Pin bone”
The sacropelvic joint
joint between the sacrum and the two iliac bones of the pelvis.
The articulate line
line that separates the upper two-thirds of the ilium from the lower one-third. Marks the transition point between the thick, weight-bearing portion of the ilium and the thinner, non-weight-bearing portion as serves as a point of muscle attachment.
The obturator foramen
a hole in the pelvic bone that is covered by the external and internal obturator muscles as well as a membrane. This foramen allows the passage of blood vessels and nerves through it. Damage to this structure can happen particularly during childbirth and can cause difficulty in moving the hip and leg.
Adult acetabula
sockets of the hip bones that connect with the femoral head to form the hip joint, are fused and fully developed. This fusion provides stability and structural integrity to the hip joint.
Young acetabula
are not fully fused. They contain growth plates or cartilaginous areas that allow for further development and growth of the hip joint. This flexibility that enables adjustments and adaptations to accommodate the growth of the bones and tissues during the growth phase
Ramus
refers to a branching part of a bone. It's like a branch extending from the main body of the bone. It provides extra surface area for muscle attachments and helps the bone withstand forces. It plays a crucial role in the bone's strength, stability, and movement.
Largest bone in the body
Femur
The caudal surface of the femur
plays a role in the movement of abduction
The cranial surface of the femur
plays a role in extension
The patella locking mechanism
a biomechanical mechanism that helps stabilize the knee joint during extension. It involves the interaction between the patella and the trochlear groove on the femur. As the knee extends, the patella slides within the groove, and when the knee reaches full extension, the patella locks into place within the groove.
The fabella
a small sesamoid bone found behind the knee joint, embedded within the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle.
The cruciate ligaments
connective tissue located within the knee joint, specifically in the area known as the intercondylar fossa. There are two in each knee: the ACL and the PCL. They form an "X" shape, crossing each other within the knee joint. They play a crucial role in stabilizing the knee and controlling its movements
The tibia and fibula, when considered together, are commonly referred to as
the true leg or the crus
The interosseous space
the area between the tibia and fibula. It contains a collagenous membrane.
The meniscal ligaments
The caudal ligaments connect the back part of the medial meniscus to the tibia bone, while the cranial meniscal ligaments connect the front part of the medial meniscus to the tibia bone. These ligaments help stabilize and support the medial meniscus during knee movements
The axial skeleton
the vertebral column, rib cage, skull, and sternum. Supports the trunk, carries the skull, and protects the spinal cord. Provides attachment for the ribs & back muscles. Moves as flexion, extension, and lateral flexion but is limited by shape
Vertebrae structure
share a common basic structure: a body (Except the C1), arch, processes, and foramen. The vertebrae are classified as short bones (ossa brevia).
Nutrient foramen
Provides nutrients to the bone
What passes through the vertebral channel
Spinal cord, meninges, intervertebral foramina, ligaments, nutrient foramina, connective tissue (CT), and fat
Meninges
protective layers of membranes that surround and support the spinal cord
Vertebral foreman
Single space between the arch disappears as the tail progresses caudally.
The first (atlas) and second (axis) cervical vertebrae
are highly modified to allow free movement of the head. It is not present in ruminants.
The zygapophyseal joint
a synovial joint located between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. These joints are found on both sides of the vertebral column and play a crucial role in stability, movement, and limiting excessive motion.
Transverse foramen
Houses the vertebral artery
Facet
Flat or slightly convex surface found on a bone.
Fovea
Shallow pit or depression found on a bone.
Vertebrae in carnivores
7 cervical vertebrae, 12-14 thoracic vertebrae, 6-7 lumbar vertebrae, 3 sacral vertebrae 20-23 caudal vertebrae.
Cartilaginous joint
United by cartilage (hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage), have no cavity, and have little or no movement. Examples are: pubic/ischiatic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
Mandibular symphysis in pigs
stronger that other animals, almost equal to skull size and is tightly connected
Synovial joint
“True joints” united by a joint capsule, have a joint cavity, are freely moveable, and contain fluid helps lubricate the joint.
Ginglymus (hinge) joints
Joints move only in their sagittal plane (flexion, extension hyperextension) uniaxial allowing unidirectional movements at right angles (fetlock, elbow). Type of Synovial joint
Plane joints
Have only slight gliding movement between relatively flat apposed surfaces: (carpal bones, cranial and caudal articulations between vertebrae). Type of Synovial joint
Trochoid (pivot) joints
Rotary movement occurs around one axis: uniaxial (atlanto-axial joint). Type of Synovial joint. “No” movement
Spheroid (ball and socket) joints
Consists of a spheroidal head fitting in a socket allowing universal movement (shoulder and hip joint). Type of Synovial joint
Condylar joint
Bonvex articular condyles articulates with concave articular surface, can perform flexion, extension and little rotation (temporomandibular joint, femorotibial joint). Type of Synovial joint
Ellipsoid joint (ginglymus)
Baxial joint formed by ellipsoidal convex surface fitting into concavity of another bone. Can perform flexion, extension, abduction, addiction and small rotation (atlantooccipital joint). Type of Synovial joint. “Yes movement”
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joints
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joints
Synarthrosis
No movement within the joint
Meniscus
acts as a shock absorber. Intracapsular and are not covered by synovial membrane. Prominent in stifle and TMJ
Ligament
Connective tissue bands that extended from bone to bone
Tendons
Connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone
Synsarcosis
muscle is the means of articulation, not a “true joint”. Found in the forelimb-trunk and also connects hyoid-sternum joint
ACL
limits knees forward movements
CCL
limits knees backward movement
TMJ
condylar joint between mandibular fossae of the temporal bone and condyloid process of the mandible. Has a meniscus/articular disc
Clavicle/collar bone
variable size with accordance with the type of locomotion and coordinated movements made by the thoracic limbs. It is reduced in animals that lean on the thoracic limbs to walk. Development and complexity vary, being maximum in man.
Clavicle in dogs/cats
it is a vestigial bone that is not articulated. It is buried in the shoulder region muscles and doesn't connect with other bones (Synsarcosis)
the clavicle of the mouse
well developed and articulates with the sternum and also participates in the shoulder joint, where it contacts the acromion of the scapula.
Feline scapula
broad and short, spine is tall. The metacriion, suorahamate, acromion, and hamate are all present and the caracoid process is elongated
Canine scapula
slim and tall, scapula spine is short. Both the metacromion and suprahamate are absent. The acromion and hamate are present, and the caracoid process is short.
Scapula fractures
rare due to protection from the muscle attachments
Intervertebral disc
Inner layer is nucleus pulposus. Outer layer is annulus fibrosis
Atlanto occipital joint
“Yes joint” (synovial joint in the vertebral column)
Atlanto axial joint
“No joint” (synovial joint in the vertebral column)
Muscles
are the structures formed by the bundles of muscle cells in the form of fibers and possess the property of contraction on stimulation. They are derived from mesenchymal cells.
Skeletal muscles
are long, striated, and voluntary. They attach to bone, fascia, and cartilage, and their fibers are bundled together. Each fiber has coverings, and the entire muscle is enveloped. Muscle fibers contain various components and have rapid contractions but fatigue easily.
Smooth muscles
are involuntary, spindle-shaped muscles with a single nucleus. They are short in length and primarily found in the walls of hollow visceral organs
Cardiac muscle
is a type of muscle that performs involuntary actions. It is characterized by intercalated discs, multinucleation, striations, and a branched structure.
Myofilient
Proteinous structure that forms myofibrils which form myofibers (muscle fibres) that form fasciculus (muscle tissue)
Accessory process
Assists the caudal articular process to prevent excessive movement. Some vertebrae don't have mammalian or accessory processes. Mammalian process only last 3 thoracic v and on all lumbar. Accessory process present on lumbar absent in thoracic.
Collagen type 1
Strongest type found in the vertebral fibrocartilaginous joint.
Costal fovea
Provides attachment points for the ribs
Ligamentum nuchae/nuptial ligament
Provides attachments and helps connect vertebrae to each other.
Nucleus pulposus
Jelly-like material that acts as a shock absorber between the vertebrae. Can herniate into the intervertebral foramen and compress the spinal cord, causing back pain.
Sacral Fusion
three bones in dogs (as many as five in ruminants). Triangular in shape, zero potential movements within the vertebrae.
Sacrum fusion ages
Dogs and pigs fuse within approximately 1.5 years. Ruminants fuse within 3-4 years. Horses fuse within 4-5 years.
Thoracic vertebra size
thoracic vertebrae generally increases from the first thoracic vertebra (T1) to the last thoracic vertebra
Thoracic inlet
Formed by T1, 1st pair of ribs, and manubrium.
Origin
The proximal fleshy and fixed end. Near joint
insertion
The distal fibrous narrow or flat end. Away from joint
Tendon
tendon When the insertion is a fibrous cord. Are made up of closely packed bundles of collagen and have a shiny white appearance. They connect muscles with bones. The collagenous bundles in are continuous with the collagenous bundles of perichondrium or periosteum at one end and with those of the fibrous muscle sheath (epimysium) at the other end.
Aponeurosis
When the insertion is a thin sheets and provides the muscle a wide area of attachment.
