A&P 9/3 The Cell (minus Cancer)

Vesicles

Vesicles

NAMED for WHAT they Carry 

• Lysosome

• Peroxisome

What is a Lysosome

carried digestive enzymes →  eat or destroy  → organelles that die

Basically bodies way of recycling

What is a Peroxisome

carries Antioxidant enzymes → helps to destroy certain free radicals -> cell has no control over or what it reacts to 

Mitochondria

double membrane organelle

Has 2 membranes 

•  inner has ridges/shells 

  • called Cristae 

  •  the liquid on inside is called matrix 

• outer membrane is smooth

Intermembrane space → is in btwn membranes

huge amt of enzymes → help us to digest food 

needs constant O2 → PRODUCE ATP 

Centrosome

Part of cytoskeleton

is a series of microtubules (in 9 triplets) Seems to play a role in control of production of microtubules throughout the cell & structures that use (flagella & cillia)

Only in animal cells

Major role in Cell Replication

What are the Cytoskeleton Fibers (slide 46)

• microtubules

• microfilaments

• intermediate filaments

• microvilli

Microtubule

Part of cytoskeleton

a tube created by protein droplets- call tubulin molecules 

can change tube by building on one end & destroy on the other (@ same time)

pretty ridged

ARE THICKEST OF fibers

what are Microfilaments

MADE of ACTIN proteins &  THINNEST OF Fibers

What are Intermediate filaments

slightly smaller than microtubules & MADE of KERATIN (stiffening agent) molecules

what are Microvilli

finger-like extension 

has cytoplasm & even some mitochondria (organelles)

extrusion of cell membrane 

increases surface area

What is cell replication: mitosis

the division of the nucleus and cytoplasm 

cloning process

reproduction of a single cell 

maintains a set # of cells in body bc parent is identical to daughter cells 

helps grow & repair

DNA Replication

go from 1 DNA to 2 DNA -> each is .5 old & new 

Exact copy

Chromosome structure

X shape happens after replication 

Chromosome duplication occurs DURING DNA rep. → called sis chromatids 

supercoiled DNA molecule 

How do Chromosomes form

need to coil DNA to transport 

how -> DNA has a natural tendency to flip & Histones (proteins)  help w/ coiling process (causing compaction) until we get visible chromosome 

*what is chromatin (slide 54)

when there is no longer access to genes 

and coiling DNA around histones, so it's easy to make a new cell → there is also extra proteins help to wrap 

Sara thinks: it’s the step before Chromosome -> when DNA wrapping around histones but not Fully compact 

What is the cell cycle

the life of a cell

2 phases

• Interphase

• Mitotic phase

What is interphase

it consists of 3 parts

• G1

  •  transcription & translation, all proteins made 4 S

• S

  • DNA Synth

    • protein synthesis, using DNA to make copy of self, DNA unwinds

• G2

  •   transcription & translation of S (DNA), & make all proteins made 4 M phase

What are the stages of Mitosis (animal cell)

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

(PMAT)

What happens in Prophase

PREP for the separation of sister chromatids 

formation of mitotic spindle begins

• condense chromosome structures (X shape)

• get rid of the nuclear membrane 

• centrioles create 2nd par & create highways on opposite sides (mitotic spindle begins to form)

THINK: P for PREP

What happens in Metaphase

• chromosomes line up in middle of cell

  • attached to mitotic spindles

  • SET TO BE DIVIDED

THINK: M for MIDDLE → where chromosomes line up

What happens in Anaphase

centromeres split apart 

sister chromatids are drawn to opposite poles (i.e to the centromeres themselves)

THINK: A for AWAY → Movement of chromatids away from middle to the poles of the cell

What happens in Telophase

• reversal of what happened in Pro 

• new nuclear membrane forms  

• chromosomes un-spindle 

• cytokinesis happens here

  • it is the pinching in of the cell membrane

    • i.e cleavage furrow → where the new cell membrane forms there

? THINK: TELLO to 2 new cells