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Where does plasma filtration occur in the kidney?
Collecting duct
Cortex
Medulla
Loop of Henle
Cortex
What happens within each glomeruli when the blood pressure is low?
The afferent becomes smaller and the efferent becomes larger.
Both the afferent and the efferent become smaller.
The afferent becomes larger and the efferent becomes smaller.
Both the afferent and the efferent become larger.
The afferent becomes larger and the efferent becomes smaller
What happens when the hypothalamus releases vasopressin?
Water is reabsorbed.
Water is secreted.
Sodium is secreted.
Sodium is reabsorbed.
Water is reabsorbed
Where does aldosterone controlled sodium reabsorption occur?
Descending Loop of Henle
Ascending Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules
In what part of the nephron is glucose passively reabsorbed?
The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.
Glucose is not passively reabsorbed.
The Bowman's capsule.
The proximal convoluted tubule.
Glucose is not passively reabsorbed
Urea is an organic solute in the urine. It is made from:
Glucose + carbohydrate breakdown
Urobilinogen breakdown
Cortisol breakdown
Protein + amino acid breakdown
protein + amino acid breakdown
What is the correct term for the complete cessation of urine flow?
Nonuria
Antiuria
Anuria
Oliguria
Anuria
Why must the temperature of a urine be taken during the collection of a specimen for drug testing?
The urine must be at body temperature to assure it is a fresh collection.
The urine must be at body temperature for the test to work.
The specimen must be at room temperature to assure it is a fresh collection.
The urine must be at room temperature for the test to work.
The urine must be at body temperature to assure it is a fresh collection
Why are creatinine clearance values lower in women than in men?
Women have smaller kidneys.
Creatinine clearance is decreased by estrogen.
Women have less muscle mass.
Women have more body fat.
Women have less muscle mass
What would be the benefit of performing a tubular reabsorption test on a patient rather than a creatinine clearance?
Tubular reabsorption tests are not influenced by hydration.
Tubular reabsorption tests provide a more accurate measurement of blood filtration.
Tubular reabsorptions tests diagnose early renal disease.
Tubular reabsorption tests are affected by muscle wasting diseases.
Tubular reabsorptions tests diagnose early renal disease
What is the pigment in urine causing the yellow color?
Urochrome
Urobilin
Uroerythrin
Urea
Urochrome
When a urine sample is shaken, a yellow foam appears. What is causing the yellow foam?
Urobilin
Bilirubin
Protein
Urochrome
Bilirubin
Which of the following is a pathogenic cause of urine turbidity?
Lymph fluid
Semen
Contrast Media
Squamous epithelial cells
Lymph fluid
A urine sample is reported as clear and yellow. Of the following reasons, what could factor into the results as reported?
The specimen is normal.
All of the above.
The patient recently had an imaging study with contrast media.
The patient is taking medicine for a urinary tract infection.
The specimen is normal
As bilirubin breaks down into biliverdin, the color of the urine can become:
orange
yellow-green
blue-green
yellow
yellow-green
What is a typical daily volume of urine?
600-1800 mL
What is the volume (mL) of PLASMA filtered each day
180,000
urine is predominantly made up of
water
Urine formation consists of plasma filtration at the _________, reabsorption and selective secreation by___________
glomeruli, renal tubules
urea, chloride, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, creatinine, and uric acid are all examples of...
urine solutes
Water has a specific gravity of 1.000. Thus, the lower the specific gravity of urine, the more ____ it is
dilute
Roles of the _____ include:
removal of metabolic wastes
regulation of water and electrolytes
maintenance of body's acid-base equilibrium
kidneys
Urine from each renal pelvis then enters..
ureter
Urine passes from ureter to _______
bladder (serves as a holding area)
When about _____mL of urine accumulates in the bladder, a nerve reflex signal sends an urge to urinate, or contract/relax the urinary sphincter to push urine into urethra leading to outside of body.
150
2 distinct areas of the kidney:
cortex
medulla
Which is the site of filtration?
cortex (glomerulus located in outer cortex is the exclusive site of plasma filtration)
Medulla consists of pyramid-like tissue, each with a duct that enters a
calyx (about 12, then all funnel together)
Calyces funnel urine from collecting tubules to
renal pelvis (then down ureter)
___________ system interacts with tubules
vascular (bowman's capsule very close to distal end of tubules)
There are _____ nephrons in a kidney
millions of
What are the 5 distinct areas in a nephron?
Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule/duct
a capillary tuft surrounded by bowmans capsule, where filtration occurs
glomerulus
Some parts of the nephron are cortical, or within the cortex in the kidney, while others are
juxtamedullary (extend into medulla)
cortical parts of nephron remove waste products and reaborb filtered nutrients. This makes up what percent of the nephron?
85
Juxtamedullary parts of the nephron have longer loops of henle and are responsible for
urine concentration
4 functions of a nephron
renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
Renal blood flow in mL/min
1200
Renal plasma flow in mL/min
600-700
Kidneys receive what percent of the cardiac output?
25
The renal artery subdivides into capillaries, then reforms as ____ in cortex
arteries (only place in the body where this happens)
The medulla has no direct....
arterial blood supply
An ___________ arteriole supplies blood individually to the glomerulus of each nephron, which branches into a capillary tuft upon entering.
afferent
Capillary tuft within the glomerular capsule of a nephron comes back together to form _______ upon exiting
efferent arteriole
The efferent arteriole branches a second time into a capillary _____
plexus
The driving force behind glomerular filtration is the _________ of afferent arteriole
high hydrostatic pressure
RENAL BLOOD FLOW
enters via renal artery with unusually high bp in the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus, then leaves the glomerulus in the
efferent arteriole
RENAL BLOOD FLOW:
dct, pct, loop of henle, bowman's capsule
bowman's capsule, pct, loop of henle, dct
pct, bowman's capsule, loop of henle, dct
bowman's capsule, loop of henle, pct, dct
bowman's capsule, pct, loop of henle, dct
The space surrounding the loop of henle, thru which blood flows is called the
vasa recta
renal blood flow enters system in _________, glomerulus in _________, leaves glomerulus in ________ occurs in ______, and exits in __________
renal artery, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole,peritubular capillaries, renal vein
Normal glomerular filtrate in mL/min
120
Ultrafiltrate of plasma (glomerular filtrate) has the.....
same concentration of the solutes in the plasma; minus the proteins. (only really small stuff gets thru)
specific gravity of ultrafiltrate
1.010
filtration pressure is regulated by _____ to maintain consistent glomerular pressure.
arteriole size
In low systemic blood pressure, _________ afferent and ______ efferent
larger, smaller (prevents toxic waste products in blood)
In high systemic blood pressure, ________ afferent and _________ efferent
smaller, larger (prevents overfiltration and glomerular damage)
Large amounts of secretory granules containing the enzyme _____ are present in the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which is close to the filtration system
renin
renin is released in response to
decreased arteriole blood pressure or volume
decreased sodium
increased potassium
vascular hemorrhage
all
none
all
Renin causes ___________ formation and _______ secretion into urine
angiotensin, aldosterone
renin can ______ bp
rise
Aldosterone causes kidneys to retain what to rise blood pressure?
sodium and water
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood flow to and within the _____________. It also responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium
glomerulus
low plasma sodium leading to a decrease in water retention will decrease
blood volume and blood pressure
initiates RAAS in response to blood pressure changes
Macula densa
The Macula densa responds to efferent arteriole, blood leaving. The other cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the juxtaglomerular cells, respond to the
afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete ____ at DCT
renin
renin reacts with angiotensin to produce
angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 passes through lungs and reacts with ACE to form
angiotensin 2
What does all of the following?
Dilates afferent arteriole
constricts efferent arteriole
stimulates sodium reabsorption in PCT
triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
Triggers release of ADH by hypothalamus
Stimulates water reabsorption
angiotensin 2
Reabsorption of sodium in the DCT and collecting duct is stimulated by
aldosterone
Reabsorption of sodium in the PCT is stimulated by
angiotensin 2
Each portion of the _______ has distinctly different epithelial cells related to the function in that anatomical area. They selectively reabsorb substances necessary for body homeostasis and function, such as water, amino acids, salts, and glucose. It doesn't absorb waste products like creatinine.
tubules
secretion occurs to eliminate wastes and substances not normally present in plasma. It also occurs to adjust...
acid-base balance of body
Back to blood
reabsorption
back to urine
secretion
Are tubular transport mechanisms active or passive?
both
In ACTIVE transport of tubular reabsorption, substances require energy to move against gradient and carrier proteins transfer substances back to the bloodstream. T/F
true
What is ACTIVELY REABSORBED in the proximal convoluted tubule?
glucose, salts, and amino acids
What is ACTIVELY REABSORBED in the loop of henle?
chloride (in ascending loop)
What is ACTIVELY REABSORBED in the distal convoluted tubule?
sodium
Tubular reabsorption using passive transport is controlled by substance concentration gradients on opposite sides of a membrane. What is passively reabsorbed throughout the nephron?
WATER (except in ascending loop of henle)
Part of the nephrone impermeable to water; accompanies high amount of sodium reabsorption in pct
ascending loop of henle
What is PASSIVELY REABSORBED in the ascending loop of henle
sodium and urea
What is PASSIVELY REABSORBED in the PCT
urea
Tubular conentration begins in the descending and ascending loops of henle, which is exposed to a high osmotic gradient. In the DESCENDING loop of henle, what is removed by passive transport?
water