ATC unit 2 test

What are the 5 tastes detected by our tongue?

Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, and Umami

What are the components of flavor?

Taste and aroma

Esters

fruity and tropical foods like pineapple and bananas.

Vanillin

Vanilla

Terpenes

Bright and herbal like citrus fruits or pine.

Sulfur

Pungent like garlic, onion, horseradish, or mustard.

Why does temperature affect flavor?

Flavor compounds vaporize at normal temperatures. The temperature of food can change the amount of aromatic compounds released. Cold foods have dulled tastes and aromas compared to warm/hot foods.

What is the basic idea behind food pairing theory?

Food Pairing Theory states that the more aromatic compounds two foods share, the better they taste together. If two foods share a lot of flavor compounds, they will taste good together, regardless of the type of food or personal preference. However, the Food Pairing Theory is not full proof, and affinity for food pairing can be different by culture.

What are the two main compounds in the Maillard reaction?

Amino acids and reducing sugars.

Name 3 examples of the Maillard reaction.

• Searing a piece of meat

• A brown crust formed on the bread

• Coffee beans that have been roasted

What molecule gives the Maillard reaction its golden brown color?

Melanoidins

Describe the two conditions that affect the reaction and explain how they affect the reaction.

1. Heat: at room temperature or slightly hotter, the reaction happens extremely slowly. One of the key components of getting good browning on food is for its surface to be dry. Water boils at just 212 °F, so the surface of the food won’t get up to the ideal temperature for browning until all the water is boiled off.

2. pH: The amine group in amino acids is more reactive in higher pH conditions. More reactive means more reaction, which means more Maillard. To raise the pH of food, use baking soda or baking powder. Baking powder helps cookies brown more.

Which four types of compounds have calories?

Carbs, fats, proteins, or alcohol.

What is the general formula for all carbohydrates?

C₂H_2nO_n

What two functional groups are found in carbohydrates?

Aldehyde or Ketone

Explain the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide.

Monosaccharides are the most basic carbohydrates that include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together, such as glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Polysaccharides are 10 or more monosaccharides combined.

What process turns carbs into energy?

Hydrolysis is carbs to glucose, then glycolysis is glucose to energy. Other processes include the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

What are the two ways your body stores excess glucose?

Muscles and other tissues

Saturated

Fatty acids with all single bonds

Unsaturated

Fatty acids with at least one double bond

What is a triglyceride, and what does your body use them for?

They are stored in your body for long-term energy storage. Your body will use up its glycogen storage in about a day. Your lipid storage can give your body energy for up to a month.

What are proteins?

Polymers of amino acids

Name 3 functions of proteins.

involved in nearly every function of the body: hormones, enzymes, building tissues, antibodies, and many more

What are the two main types of fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation

Briefly explain what happens in glycolysis.

The process by which glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing ATP. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate moves to the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. This process produces a lot more energy and oxidizes NADH so that glycolysis can start over again. Without oxygen, glycolysis can continue, but must find another way to oxidize NADH.

What is one of the conditions necessary for fermentation?

The absence of oxygen

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

When pyruvate is reduced to lactate to reproduce NAD +, Lactate then forms lactic acid.

Name two examples of lactic acid fermentation.

• Pickled foods

• Anaerobic exercise

What happens in ethanol fermentation?

Pyruvate molecules are decarboxylated (a CO2 molecule is released) to form acetaldehyde. This compound is then reduced to form ethanol. This reduction allows NADH to be oxidized.

What organism performs ethanol fermentation?

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Name two examples of ethanol fermentation.

• Beer

• Kombucha

What is polarity?

Refers to the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond. When one atom has a much higher electronegativity than the other, it pulls the shared electrons closer. With the electrons closer to one of the two atoms, this creates partial charges.

Explain how hydrogen bonds form.

Water is made of two polar bonds. Water also has the asymmetrical molecular geometry of bent. This makes water a polar molecule with a partially positive side and a partially negative side. With trillions of these molecules together, they act like weak magnets. The small attraction between them is called a hydrogen bond.

Name 3 of the properties that make water special.

• High boiling point

• Universal solvent

• High heat capacity

Name and explain two functions of water in the body.

• Temperature regulation: High specific heat & high heat of vaporization absorb energy when sweating. This prevents dangerous body temperature changes

• Transport of nutrients and waste: allows transport of solutes in blood and cytoplasm. Carries glucose, oxygen, urea, etc.

What is an emulsion?

A mixture of two immiscible liquids where one is dispersed as small droplets in the other

How do emulsifiers help stabilize emulsions?

They have a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end. This allows these compounds to surround the droplets of water and oil, keeping them emulsified

Name two examples of emulsions in food.

• Mayonnaise: Oil in water

• Butter: Water in oil

Potassium sorbate

a preservative that extends the shelf life of various foods by stopping the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi. This additive is very safe to eat because it passes through your body as water and carbon dioxide. There is no short limit to how much you should have daily.

Sodium benzoate

a preservative found in many foods and drinks that prevents the growth of bacteria and many microbes. It is effective in acidic foods, which are mostly beverages. It is safe to eat, but it has been researched to be a carcinogen. Since the amount of sodium benzonate in food and drink is low, it shouldn’t affect health.

Sodium nitrate

a curing salt used in any cured or preserved meat products. It is also a preservative that has a distinct salty taste. It is not harmful if you eat below the recommended limit because it is linked to colon cancer.

Sodium citrate

It is used as an emulsifier, particularly in dairy products. It is what makes American cheese smooth and melty. It is also used in drinks as a flavoring agent, giving an acidic flavor. It is not bad for you unless you have an unusual sodium intake daily.

MSG (Monosodium glutamate)

a flavorant that produces glutamic acid, which has a distinct savory flavor. It is naturally found in some foods and can be synthesized. It is not known to be bad for you unless you have a rare case where it can affect you.

Aspartame

an artificial sweetener found in most diet drinks. You would have to have an excessive amount of aspartame to affect you badly, such as causing cancer. It has been debated to be both beneficial and non-beneficial for weight loss.

High fructose corn syrup

a sweetener that contains glucose and fructose. Excessive amounts of fructose can result in fat gain, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes

Maltodextrin

a highly processed starch that is used as a thickener and a preservative. It has a high GI, which can cause high blood sugar in some individuals. It can only really affect people with diabetes.

Xanthan/guar gum

used to thicken and stabilize foods. An excessive amount can lead to digestive problems. If eaten in a regular amount, it could have health benefits.

Acids

added to food to make foods sour and to mimic the flavors of certain fruits. Excessive acid consumption can cause tooth decay and stomach issues.

Food dyes

Artificial dyes are used to add color to foods. Most are shown not to cause cancer, but can cause other side effects, like hyperactivity in children.

Who regulates food additives in the United States?

FDA

What are two things that are almost universally agreed upon that are good for your health?

Limiting sugar intake and avoiding processed foods.