ancient Rome 2

What year did Rome conquer the entire Italian peninsula?

388 BC

What were the Punic Wars and when did they occur?

Three wars between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC.

What was the outcome of the Punic Wars for Rome?

Rome became the dominant maritime power in the Mediterranean region.

How many present-day countries did the Roman Empire conquer?

Nearly 50, including most of Europe, Northern Africa, and parts of the Middle East.

What was Carthage and its significance?

A city-state on the northern coast of Africa, it was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region and a leading naval power.

What initiated the First Punic War?

Control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily.

What was the result of the First Punic War?

Carthage surrendered Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily to Rome.

Who was Hannibal and what was his role in the Second Punic War?

Carthaginian general who swore to destroy Rome and led an expedition across Spain, the Pyrenees, and the Alps into Italy.

What was the outcome of Hannibal's campaign in Italy?

He won several battles but was never able to capture Rome.

What was the Third Punic War and its outcome?

Rome destroyed Carthage, selling 50,000 survivors into slavery and pouring salt on the earth.

What regions did Rome conquer during its further expansion?

Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor.

What was Mare Nostrum?

The term meaning 'Our Sea' referring to the Mediterranean Sea area controlled by Rome.

What social changes occurred due to Rome's expansion?

Creation of a wealthy class, opening of latifundia, displacement of small farmers, and increased unemployment.

Who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?

Brothers who sought land reforms for the poor and were killed by the Senate.

What was the significance of Julius Caesar in Roman history?

An ambitious politician and soldier who became dictator and implemented reforms.

What reforms did Julius Caesar introduce?

Public works to create jobs, granting citizenship, and the Julian calendar.

What event is referred to as the Ides of March?

The assassination of Julius Caesar by enemies who feared he would become king.

Who was Octavian and what was his role after Caesar's death?

Caesar's grand-nephew who joined Mark Antony to find Caesar's murderers and later became the first emperor.

What reforms did Augustus introduce to the Roman Empire?

Stable government, civil service, economic reforms, and a postal service.

What characterized the Good Emperors of Rome?

They implemented policies that improved the empire, such as Hadrian's codification of laws and Marcus Aurelius's philosophical leadership.

What was the Pax Romana?

A period of 'Roman Peace' lasting 200 years from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius.

What challenges did Rome face after the Pax Romana?

Political upheaval with 26 emperors in 50 years and high taxes.

Who were Diocletian and Constantine?

Emperors who attempted reforms; Diocletian divided the empire and Constantine granted toleration to Christians.

What foreign invaders threatened the Roman Empire?

Germanic tribes (Visigoths, Lombards, Vandals) and the Huns.

What was the significance of Attila the Hun?

A Hun general who conquered parts of Europe and was seen as a punishment for sin by Christians.

What event is marked as the Fall of Rome?

The ousting of the Roman Emperor by a Germanic leader in 476 AD.

When Julius Caesar crossed this river, it meant war.

Rubicon

What is most associated with the period of Ancient Roman history known as the Pax Romana?

it was a time of peace

"Pax Romana" lasted for . . .

200 years

Name one of the reforms Julius Caesar made during his time of ruling Rome.

Public works to create jobs

Granted citizenship to more people

Created Julian calendar

How did the aqueducts a new form of technology impact ancient Rome?

They provided clean water to public baths and water systems in the empire.

Why did Carthage become important to Rome after the punic wars?

It was a major trade center.

There were this many Punic wars?

3

This country was a naval powerhouse to the south of Rome

Carthage

The basis for war in this Punic War: Fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily

first punic war

Roman Senator Cato the Elder ended every speech with "Carthage must be destroyed." This quote relates to this Punic Wars.

third punic war

This animal is associated with Hannibal and his attack on the Romans. They were with Hannibal during the crossing of the Alps.

elephants

This forms a natural border at the north of Italy

the alps

I invaded the Italian peninsula from Carthage (from the north).

Hannibal

This Hun general was called the "Scourge of God" by Christians who believed his actions were punishment for sin.

Attila

The Huns pushed them into Italy. They conquered Adrianople in 378 AD and Italy and Rome in 410 AD.

Visigoths

I was the cruelest emperor, accused Christians of burning Rome (ie. "The Great Fire") and had many of them persecuted and killed.

Nero

He never called himself king, but he had the absolute power of a king. He ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D. Introduced a stable government

Caesar Augustus

It was rumored that he wanted to appoint his horse consul. He said, "Remember that I have the right to do anything to anybody."

Caligula

He signed his own death warrant when he declared himself dictator for life.

Julius Caesar

This philosopher-king said, "Hour by hour resolve firmly . . . to do what comes to hand with correct and natural dignity." He managed to successfully wage a series of defensive wars across the Empire. He was an expert in imperial administration helping to improve the efficiency of the Empire.

Marcus Aurelius