Studied by 1 personproteus spp. possess ________ which they use for locomotion
peritrichous flagella
precipitates material onto the flagella, which makes them thicker and able to see with light microscopy
flagella stain
noted for its tendency to swarm across an agar plate as it grows
proteus mirabilis
Why is proteus mirablis troublesome to work with
it will grow over everything
what is sometimes used to inhibit proteus mirabilis in order to allow the isolation of other species in a mixed culture
specialized media
depends on oxygen for aerobic respiration
obligate aerobe
what are the environmental factors that affect bacterial growth
oxygen and temperature
respire aerobically, but are damaged by atmospheric oxygen concentrations
microaerophiles
can respire aerobically, but use alternative strategies in anaerobic environment
falcultative anaerobes
do not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence; not harmed by it
aerotolerant anaerobes
cannot use oxygen and are harmed by its presence
strict anaerobes
one way of accessing a bacterium's need for oxygen is to grow it in a tube of special medium, called
Thyoglycolate medium
dissolved oxygen towards the top of the tube, but oxygen is absent in the deep part of the tube
Thyoglycolate medium
obligate aerobes will grow
at the top
microaerophiles will grow
slightly below the surface
falcultative anaerobes will grow
throughout the media, but with heavier growth in the aerobic portion
aerotolerant anaerobes will grow
throughout the media
strict anaerobes will grow
towards the bottom of the tube where there is little to no oxygen
will grow at 30° C, but may growth sparingly at 55° C
Bacillus subtillis and cereus
will grow at 55°C, but will not grow at 30° C
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
will grow at 30°C, but not at 55°C
Bacillus mycoides
what colonies to Bacillus subtillis and cereus form
large, white ones
on sheep blood agar, Bacillus cereus is
beta-hemolytic
what do Bacillus mycoides look like when they growth
curly pattern, rhizoid
produces red pigment prodigiosin when incubated at room temperature
Serratia marcescens
non-water soluble pigment
prodigiosin
prodigiosin at 37°C produces what color
clear
prodigiosin in 95% ethanol produces what color
light red
bright pink
what are the pigment producers we encountered in lab
pseudomonads and Serratia marcescens
a soil and water bacterium that is responsible for lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients,, skin infections in burn patients, hot tub rash, and swimmers ear
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
what is the solubility for prodigiosin
non water soluble
blue-green pigment whose production can be enhanced by Pseuomonas P agar
pyocyanin
yellow-green flourescent pigments, whose production can be enhanced by Pseudomonas F agar
flourescein
substances that can bind with iron and make it easier for organisms to absorb it
siderophores
partial destruction of red blood cells
alpha hemolysis
complete destruction of red blood cells
beta hemolysis
non-destruction of red blood cells
gamma hemolysis
1 stage micrometer =
.01 mm or 1 mm
single flagellum
monotrichous
has flagella at both ends
amphitrichous
tuft of flagella at one or both ends
lophotrichous
has flagella surrounding the cell
peritrichous
extremely heat resistance structure produced only by a few bacterial genera
endospore
transfering bacteria to fresh media
inoculation
designed to allow for the isolation of single colonies of bacteria
4-quadrant streak
the minimum distance between two objects which still allows them to be seen as separate
resolution
Resolution is improved when the index of refraction of the medium between the slide and the objective is _______
increased
the sharpness of the image being viewed
focus
the same focal plane position is generally correct for all the objectives
parfocal
used for motion
bacterial flagella
Flagella can be up to ________ long, sometimes up to _________.
5-30 mm, 60 mm
Designed to keep lab organisms from getting out and outside organisms from getting into the plate/slant etc.
aseptic techniques
not a pigment produced by bacteria.
gram stain
what are the 3 types of bacteria we worked with this year?
gram postive rods, gram positive cocci, gram negative rods
attaches the cells firmly to the slide and keeps cell shape constant so that it does not become distorted during staining
heat fixation
count dead cells and debris
density measurments
counts bacteria that are able to reproduce and create a colony
viable count method
what ciolor does Staphylococcus aureus belong to _____________ carotenoid pigment protects bacteria from host immune response, and plays a role in its virulence as pathogen.
Staphyloxanthin
what color does Micrococcus luteus belong to ____________ carotenoid pigment, protects bacteria from stresses and host immune systems. Not linked to virulence, non water soluble
Sarcinaxanthin
what colo does Micrococcus roseus belong to , non water soluble
Canthaxanthin
what color does Chromobacterium violaceum belong to , antimicrobial properties and protection and non water soluble
Violacein
water soluble dyes
will not penetrate spores
what color belongs to Serratia marcescens and is produced at room temperature, not produced at 37C
Prodigiosin,
what is prodigisn soluble in
methanol and chloroform
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
pysocyanin
Found in many parts of the body, skin
staphylococci
found in the intestines
streptococci
strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
Media that favor the growth of some bacteria and disfavor the growth of others
selective media
Media that favors the growth of all bacteria
differential media
what type of media is SBA
differential
MSA is __________ for halotolerant bacteria (staphylococci), and is also __________ due to mannitol fermentation.
selective, differential
mannitol soy agar test
agar red will turn yellow
the ability of an organism to grow at salt concentrations higher than those required for growth
halotolerant
What type of media is MacConkey agar (MAC)?
differential and selective
What type of media is Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
differential and selective
What type of media is ]Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA)
differential
What are the subgroups of Lactose fermenters
Escherichia coli and Enterobacter
what sugars make up TSIA slants
.1% glucose, 1% sucrose, 1% lactose
Used to distinguish Enterobacter species and Escherichia coli
IMViC Tests
What are the two E.coli strains
Strain I, recipient; Strain II, donor
differentiates the beta hemolytic streptococci
bacitracin
differentiaties the alpha hemolytic streptococci, by using pneumococci cells only
optochin
differentiates gamma hemolytic staphylococci
novobiocin
what does any zone of inhibition mean
positive (susceptible)
what does no zone of inhibition mean
negative (resistant)
how long does the zone of inhibition have to be for optochin
14 mm or greater
how long does the zone of inhibition have to be for novobiocin
16 mm or greater
determines the ability to cleave the amino acid tryptophan into indole and pyruvic
Indole test
reveals what fermentation pathway the microbe uses to utilize glucose
Methyl Red Tet\st
reveals if a microbe produces acetoin from glucose fermentation
The Voges Proskauer test
reveals if a microbe uses sodium citrate as the only source of carbon and inorganic ammonium hydrogen phosphate as a source of nitrogen
The Simmons Ctitrate test
abundance of bacteria that is found in the digestive tracts and waist of animals
coliforms
streptomycin gene on chromosome; Cannot donate its resistance gene, not on a plasmid, no F factor.
Strain I, recipient
ampicillin gene on plasmid, F factor
Strain II, donor
Small circular double stranded DNA, separate from chromosome and can be transferred horizontally or vertically in a bacterial population
plasmid
Bacteria possessing a plasmid and the F factor __________
(sex pilus)
One bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
conjugation
One bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact _______
(pilus)
Note
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