Untitled Flashcards Set

19th century Europe

Marked by significant political, social, and economic changes following the Age of Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

Napoleonic Wars

Conflict from 1803 to 1815 that reshaped European political landscape and led to the rise of nationalism.

Congress of Vienna

An assembly aimed at restoring stability and balance of power in Europe after Napoleon's defeat (1814-1815).

Industrialization

Rapid transformation of economies and societies, leading to the rise of the middle class and urban growth.

Liberalism

Political ideology emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and free markets.

Conservatism

Political ideology seeking to maintain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.

Socialism

Ideology advocating for collective ownership of the means of production and equal distribution of wealth.

Marxism

Theoretical framework for socialist movements developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Anarchism

Rejection of all forms of government authority, advocating for a stateless society.

Nationalism

Promoted loyalty to one's nation and the right of self-determination for distinct cultural groups.

July Revolution

1830 uprising that overthrew Charles X and established a constitutional monarchy in France.

Revolutions of 1848

Series of uprisings across Europe driven by demands for political reform and social equality.

Second Republic

Government established in France after the 1848 revolution, later replaced by Napoleon III's Second Empire.

Chartist movement

Movement (1838-1857) that called for universal male suffrage and other democratic reforms in Britain.

Factory Act of 1833

Legislation that regulated child labor and improved safety standards in factories.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting in the U.S. that launched the organized women's rights movement.

Italian unification (Risorgimento)

Achieved through leaders like Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi, proclaimed in 1861.

German unification

Led by Prussia under Otto von Bismarck, involving wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.

Independence movements

Movements in the Balkans that challenged Ottoman rule, leading to countries like Greece gaining independence.

Industrial bourgeoisie

Social class of factory owners emerging from industrialization.

Proletariat

Social class consisting of factory workers during the industrial age.

Environmental degradation

Negative impact, including air and water pollution, resulting from rapid industrialization.

Urbanization

The migration from rural areas to cities seeking industrial jobs, leading to overcrowding.

Romanticism

Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and connection to nature in art and literature.

Realism

Artistic movement depicting everyday life and focusing on social issues, often of the working class.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized scientific understanding.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian statesman who played a key role in the Congress of Vienna and promoted conservative policies.

Queen Victoria

British monarch whose reign saw significant political, social, and economic changes (1837-1901).

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and military leader crucial to the unification of Italy.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian statesman who orchestrated German unification and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire.

Emmeline Pankhurst

British suffragette who led the women's suffrage movement in the UK.

Legacy of the 19th century

Layed foundation for modern politics, economies, and societies in Europe.

Globalization

Process initiated by the Industrial Revolution's effects on production, transportation, and communication.

Social inequality

Ongoing disparities in wealth and rights that persist and lead to struggles for workers' rights.

Cultural movements

Like Romanticism and Realism, influenced modern art, literature, and music.

Abolition of slavery

The end of slavery in the British Empire (1833) and the U.S. (1865), marking significant social reform.

Women's rights movements

Movements advocating for suffrage, property rights, and access to education.

Habsburg rule

Monarchical authority in the Austrian Empire challenged during 1848 revolutions.

Technological innovations

Inventions that transformed manufacturing processes, including the steam engine and power loom.

Transportation improvements

Advancements like railroads and steamships that enhanced the movement of goods and people.

Rising literacy rates

Increased education levels leading to the spread of ideas and knowledge in society.

Working conditions

The often harsh circumstances faced by factory and mine workers that led to labor movements.

Cultural shifts

Changes in society's values and norms influenced by industrialization and urbanization.