Psych Unit Two

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202 Terms

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Sleep Priority Healthy people 2030
Increasing public knowledge of how adequate sleep and treatment of sleep disorders improve health, productivity, wellness, quality of life, safety on roads and in the workplace
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Sleep requirements in adults
Most adults require 7-8 hours of sleep. Long sleepers require more than 10 hours a night, short sleepers can function on 5 or fewer hours of sleep
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Major consequence of sleep loss
Excessive sleepiness that impacts functionality and increases risks of accident or injury

Sleep deprivation: discrepancy between hours of sleep obtained and hours of sleep required for optimal functioning
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Short term consequences of sleep loss
Increased stress responsively, somatic pain, reduced quality of life, emotional distress, mood disorders, cognitive, memory, and performance deficits, safety risks
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Long term consequences of sleep loss
Cardiovascular disease, weight related issues, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 DM, colorectal cancer, safety issues, financial burden
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Types of poor sleep
sleep deprivation, irregular sleep, too much sleep
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Regulation of sleep
complex interaction between two processes. Homeostatic process of sleep drive and circadian drive
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Sleep drive
production of melatonin enhances sleepiness and promotes sleep
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Circadian drive
promotes wakefulness, influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors
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Insomnia Disorder
dissatisfaction with quantity or quality of sleep. Results in clinical distress or impairment. Symptoms exist 3 times a week for at least three months
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Symptoms of insomnia
Difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, Early awakening
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3P model of insomnia
Model that is used to comprehensively assess the causes of insomnia, suggest appropriate interventions, and providing rationales for treatment.

The 3Ps are…

* Predisposing
* Precipitating
* Perpetuating factors
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Predisposing factors 3P model
Individual factors that create a vulnerability to insomnia. Included prior history of poor sleep, depression, anxiety
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Precipitating factors 3P model
External events that trigger insomnia. personal and vocational difficulties, medical and psychiatric disorders, changes in role or identity
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Perpetuating factors 3P model
Sleep practices and attributes that maintain the sleep complaint. Excessive caffeine, alcohol, excessive daytime napping
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Hypersomnolence Disorder
Chronic excessive daytime sleepiness that begins in young adulthood. Impairs social and vocational functioning as it may impair concentration and memory. Increases risk for anxiety and irritability
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Treatment for hyper-somnolence disorder
maintaining regular sleep-wake cycles with ample sleep opportunity. Stimulant-based pharmacotherapy may help
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Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable urge to sleep. Persons with narcolepsy may find themselves falling asleep in the middle of activities such as driving or working
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Symptoms narcolepsy
disturbed nighttime sleep with automatic behaviors and memory lapses, uncontrollable attacks of sleep, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, not rested regardless amount of sleep
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Cataplexy
brief episodes of bilateral loss of muscle tone while maintaining consciousness. episodes are usually triggered by strong emotions
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Obstructive sleep apnea
repeated episodes of upper airway collapse and obstruction. Results in sleep fragmentation. Cannot breathe and sleep at the same time
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Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea
Clinical evaluation and polysomnography
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Treatment for sleep apnea
continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)
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Central sleep apnea
Cessation of breathing during sleep caused by instability of respiratory control system. Related to aging, cardiac or pulmonary disease, neurologic disorders
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Sleep related hypoventilation
sustained oxygen desaturation in sleep. No apnea or respiratory events. Associated with morbid obesity, lung disease, pulmonary vascular pathology, COPD
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Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Misalignment of normal circadian rhythm timing and external factors affecting the timing or duration of sleep
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Types of circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Delayed sleep phase, advanced sleep phase, irregular sleep-wake, non 24 hours sleep-wake, shift work
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Delayed sleep phase
A delay of more than 2 hours between desired time of sleep and actual sleep. Results in delays in waking
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Advanced sleep phase
Sleep begins several hours early and ends several hours earlier than desired
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Irregular sleep-wake cycle
sleep is sporadic and fragmented. Longest sleep period lasts about 4 hours and tends to occur between 2 am and 6 am.
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Non 24 hour sleep wake cycle
mismatch of the 24-hour environment and the persons internal clock. Sleep tends to occur later and later, eventually leading to daytime sleeping. Significant problem for up to 70% of blind individuals
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Shift work circadian dysfunction
working outside of the normal work hours results in excessive sleepiness at work and impaired sleep at home
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Non-raid eye movement sleep arousal disorders
Sleepwalking, sleep terrors
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Comorbidities of sleep disorders
Multiple symptoms are impacted by sleep disorders. Neurological disorders, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, sleep disorders can increase the risk for suicidal ideation
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Nursing assessment of sleep disorders
General assessment-sleep patterns. 2 week sleep diaries, identifying sleep wake disorders, functioning and safety, epworth sleepiness scale
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Nursing goals: Insomnia
Improved sleep, successful sleep induction, appropriate hours of sleep, consistant sleep pattern, minimal awakening
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Nursing goals sleep deprivation
adequate quanitity of sleep; balance between work and sleep, minimal awakening, feeling restored after sleep, sleeping between 7 and 9 hours
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Impaired sleep
adequate quantity and quality of sleep, minimal awakening, feeling restored after sleep
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Nursing planning, sleep wake disorders
Treatment is in community, multifaceted considerations(occupational, social, interpersonal, medical and psychiatric conditions), team approach under sleep disorder specialist,
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pharmacotherapy for insomnia
used mostly with comorbidities, antianxieties(benzdiazepines) antidepressants(SSRIs, SNRIs)
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Somatic interventions for anxiety
Cereve sleep system: significantlt reduced sleep latentcy. software controlled bedside device that is placed on the forehead. A fluid filled pad cools the forehead and reduces anxiety in the cerebral cortex
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Impact of culture in psychologic care
Nonverbal communication and etiquette will change between cultures, deviance from cultural expectations can be defined as an illness by other members of the group.
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Cultural barriers to mental health services
communication barriers, stigma of mental illness, misdiagnosis, cultural concepts of distress
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Eastern traditions
idenity is based on the family, body-mind-and spirit are one entity, time is circular and recurring. Individuals are born into duty they must perform. Disease is caused by fluctuations in opposing forces
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five construts of culturally effective care
cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural encounters, cultural skill, cultural desire
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Cultural awareness
examine belifs, values, and practices of ones own culture. recognize that during a cultural encounter, three different cultures are intersecting(culture of the nurse, the patient, and the environment)
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Cultural knowledge
learn by attending cultural events and programs. Forge friendships with diverse cultural groups. Learn by studying,
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Cultural encounters
deter nurses from stereotyping, help nurses gain confidence in cross cultural interactions. Helps nurses avoid or reduce cultural pain
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Cultural skill
ability to perform a cultural assessment in a sensitive way. Use professional medical communication, use culturally sensitive assessment tools
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Goal of cultural skill
a mutually agreeable therapeutic plan. this plan must be both culturally acceptable and capable of producing positive outcomes
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Cultural desire
Genuine concern for patients welfare. Willingness to listen until a patients viewpoint is understood. Patience, consideration, empahy
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Adverse Childhood experiences
Sesitize people to stress later in life. These experiences include

* Any form of psychological physical or sexual abuse
* Violence against a parent, particularly the mother
* Living with people with substance use disorders, mentally ill, or incarcerated
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Distress
Negative draining energy that results in anxiety, depression, confusion, helplessness, hopelessness, and fatigue
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Eustress
Normla physiological positive energy that motivates individuals and results in positive feelings and purposeful movement
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General adaptation syndrome
Syndrome that results from an attempt to adapt to anxiety situations. Has three stages
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Three stages of GAS

1. Alarm or acute stress stage: activates the sympathetic nervous system, activates HPA axis to stay on alert “fight or flight” mode
2. Resistance or adaptation stage: sustained and optimal resistance to the stressor, recover, renewal, and repair may occur
3. Exhaustion stage: resources are depleted, the stress may become chronic. This can result in chronic health conditions
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Mild Anxiety
Day to day tension. Keeps a person alert and motivated, problem solving and grasping information is increased. Can be considered Eustress
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Moderate anxiety
Selective inattention, clear thinking is hampered, problem solving is less than optimal but still possible, SNS symptoms begin. Engaging a patient can bring them back from this.
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Severe anxiety
Perceptual field greatly reduced. Difficulty concentrating on the environment, confused and automatic behavior. Somatic stress symptoms increase. Patient is unable to take in the “big picture” physical symptoms of stress develop
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Panic
Markedly disturbed behavior such as running, shouting, screaming, pacing. Unable to process reality. Impusivity. Patient will be in danger of harming themselves or others, not able to judge their space
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Crisis
Stressor in life that requires an individual to adjust to the unexpected and to adapt to an unpredicted situation or event.
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Three types of crisis
* Maturational: Crisis that occurs due to transition into another stage of life
* Situational: events that are unusually distressing and unanticipated. Affects only the person experiencing the crisis
* Adventitious: Traumatic and external event that happens unexpectedly. Will typically affect many people. Ex: natural disaster
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Phase 1 of the crisis response
Serious stressor results in increased anxiety. Stimulates the usual coping mechanisms to address the problem and decrease anxiety. Minor anxieties can be respolved here
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Phase 2 of the crisis response
Defense mechanisms fail, threat persists, anxiety increases which results in feelings of discomfort, disorganized functioning, and trial and error attempts at problem solving. Person will be desperate and disorganized in attempt to resolve issues
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Phase Three crisis response
Trial and error fails resulting in increased anxiety to severe or panic level. Automatic relief behaviors are mobilized(withdraw, flight, etc). Some form of resolution may be devised such as compromising or redefining the situation
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Phase 4 Crisis response
Problem is unsolved and coping skills are ineffective. Overwhelming anxiety can lead to personality disorganization, confusion, violence, and self injury
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Assessment of crisis situation
Assessing perception of the precipitating event. Assessing the situational support(who can help them through the crisis), assessing coping skills(how can they help themselves through the crisis)
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Steps in crisis intervention
Planning

* devise a plan to restire client to previous level of functioning

Intervention

* Help pt gain understanding of the crisis, explore coping mechanisms

Resolution

* Restore to previous level of functioning. Anticipatory planning for next crisis
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Levels of Crisis prevention
* Primary prevention: promotes mental health and reduces mental illness to decrease incidence of crisis
* Secondary prevention: intervention during an acute crisis to prevent prolonged anxiety
* Tertiary prevention: Provides long term support for those who have experienced crisis
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Stress debriefing
Tertiary prevention tool. allows for a group to discuss a stressful event and express their emotions on it
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Post-Traumatic stress disorders
Persistent re-experiencing of a highly traumatic event. This event will involve actual or threatened harm or death to self or others. Can begin a month after exposure, but symptoms may not arise for months to years
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Major features of PTSD
Flashbacks: re-experiencing the trauma through intrusive recollections of the event

Avoidance: of stimuli associated with trauma

Hyper-vigilance: exaggerated startle response

Alterations in mood: chronic depression, lack of interest
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Biological treatment for PTSD
SSRI’s, Sertraline(zoloft), Paroxetine(paxil), benzodiazepines
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Psychological therapies for PTSD
Exposure therapy, cognitive reconstructing, EMDR therapy, CBT
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Acute stress disorder
may develop after exposure to a highly traumatic event. Diagnosed 3 days to 1 month after exposure.
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Adjustment disorder
Milder, less specific version of ASD and PTSD. Precipitated by a stressful event. Symptoms may include all forms of distress
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PTSD in children and adolescents
Manifests in reduction in play, self blame, estrangement loss of interest in significant activities. Children are more resilient than adults and more able to return to previous levels of functioning after treatment
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Interventions for children with PTSD
use interactive process, establish trust, developmentally appropriate language, regulate emotional response, art and play, coordinate with social work
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Evaluation for children with PTSD
Treatment is effective when: safety is ensured, anxiety is reduced, eReamotions are appropriate
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Reactive attachment disorder
Childhood condition: Consistent pattern of inhibited emotionally withdrawn behavior unresponsive to caregiver efforts to offer comfort
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Disinhibited social engagement disorder
childhood disorder; no normal fear of strangers, seemingly unfazed by separation from caregiver
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Dissociative disorders
Occur after significant adverse experiences/traumas. Individuals respond to stress with severe interruption in consciousness. Results in disturbance in memory, consciousness, self identity, perception
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Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important personal information. Often of a traumatic event
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Dissociative Fugue
Subtype characterized by sudden, unexpeted travel and inability to recall ones identity/information about the past
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Depersonalization
Focus on self-extremly uncomfortable feeling of being an observer of ones own body or mental process
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Derealization
Focus on outside-recurring feeling that ones surroundings are unreal or ditant. Person feels as if walking in a fog
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
Presance of two or more distinct personality states. Each alternate personality has its own pattern of perceiving, relating to and thinking about self and environment.
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Manifestations of DID
History of multiple physical and psychiatric diagnoses, violent trauma. Inconsistencies in behavior, pattern of psychophysiological complaints, experiences of voice inside the head talking to one another(NOT psychosis)
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Biological treatment DID
No specific medications, some may be used to hyperarousal and intrusive symptoms
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Psychological therapies DID
CBT, psychotherapy, exposure therapy, EMDR, neurofeedback, somatic therapy,
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Adaptive defense mechanisms
Lowers anxiety for acceptable achievement of goals
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Maladaptive defense mechanisms
Immature defenses that can eventually make anxiety worse
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Altruism
Motivation to feel caring and concern for other and act for the well being of others. Can be adaptive(Running an AA meeting) or maladaptive(hoarding dogs to “give them a better life”)
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Compensation
Used to counterbalance perceived deficiencies by emphasizing strengths. Can be adaptive or maladaptive
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Conversion
Unconscious transformation of anxiety into a physical symptom with no organic cause. Always maladaptive(CONVERSION DISORDER)
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Denial
escaping unpleasant anxiety causing thoughts, feelings, wishes, or needs by ignoring their existence. Can be adaptive or maladaptive
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Displacement
Transference of emotions associated with particular person, object, or situation to another nonthreatening situation or person. Can be adaptive or maladaptive
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Dissociation
Disruption in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment that results in compartmentalizing uncomfortable or unpleasant aspects of oneself. Adaptive or maladaptive
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Identification
attributing oneself to the characteristics of another person or group. Adaptive or maladaptive
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Intellectualization
a process in which events are analyzed based on remote, cold facts and without passion, rather than incorporating feeling and emotion into the processing. Adaptive or maladaptive