Physiology Exam 5

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117 Terms

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What is the primary function of the digestive system?
transferring molecules from external to internal environment
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What are the 4 basic digestive processes?
motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption
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Motility
muscular contractions of the digestive tract
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What are the 2 types of motility?
propulsive and mixing
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Propulsive motility
propel or push contents through the tract
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Mixing motility
mixes food with digestive juices and exposes molecules to absorbing surfaces
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Secretion
digestive juices are moved into the digestive tract by the exocrine glands
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Digestion
biochemical breakdown of foodstuffs into absorbable units (monomers)
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Absorption
movement of absorbable units, water, electrolytes, and vitamins from the digestive tract to the blood
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What are the 2 divisions of the digestive system?
accessory digestive organs and the digestive tract
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Accessory digestive organs
salivary glands, liver and gallbladder, exocrine pancreas
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Digestive tract
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
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Mucosa
protective surface that is specialized in some areas for secretion and absorption
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Submucosa
connective tissue which allows for distensibility and elasticity
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Submucosal plexus
regulates gut activity
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Muscularis
smooth muscle that produces propulsive and mixing movements
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Serosa
outer connective tissue that secretes fluid to prevent friction with surrounding viscera
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What are the 4 factors that maximize digestion and absorption?
autonomous smooth muscle function, intrinsic nerve plexus, extrinsic nerves, gastrointestinal hormones
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Autonomous smooth muscle function
some intestinal cells are pacemaker cells that continuously fluctuate membrane potentials
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Intrinsic nerve plexus
networks of nerve fibers contained within the digestive tract
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Extrinsic nerves
innervate digestive organs through the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
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Gastrointestinal hormones
endocrine glands are located in various portions of the digestive tract
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Smooth muscle cells
affects motility
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Exocrine gland cells
secretion of digestive juices
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Endocrine glands cells
secretion of hormones
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What are the functional parts of the digestive system?
tongue and taste buds which stimulate salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and bile secretion
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Secretion in the mouth
saliva begins carbohydrate digestion which facilitates swallowing
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What is saliva production regulated by?
conditioned salivary reflex and autonomic influence
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Pharynx and esophagus
uses propulsion motility move the bolus from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach
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What does mucus act as?
lubricant and a protective layer
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What are the 2 stages of swallowing?
oropharyngeal and esophageal stage
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Oropharyngeal stage
bolus moves from mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus through propulsive motility
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Esophageal stage
bolus moves through esophagus to the stomach through propulsive motility
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What are the 3 stomach regions?
fundus, body, and antrum
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Fundus of the stomach
a thin muscle layer above the esophageal opening
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Body of the stomach
thin muscle layer that stores food
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Antrum of the stomach
thick muscle layer involved in mixing food
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What are the 3 main functions of the stomach?
stores ingested food until emptied into small intestine, secretes hydrochloric acid and enzymes, and mixing motility pulverizes food and mixes with secretions
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What do parietal cells secrete?
hydrochloric acid which activates pepsinogen
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What do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
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What does pepsinogen do?
converts to pepsin which initiates protein digestion
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G cells
secrete the hormone gastrin in response to proteins in the stomach
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Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)
release histamines which acts on parietal cells to speed up HCl secretion
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D cells
release somatostatin which inhibits secretions by parietal cells, G cells, and ECL cells
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Cephalic phase
thinking about smelling, or tasting the food before food arrives
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Gastric phase
protein stimulates secretion of hormone gastrin which promotes secretion of HCl pepsinogen
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Intestinal phase
inhibitory effects from small intestine which slows gastric secretion to regulate emptying
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What are digested in the stomach?
carbs and protein
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What can be absorbed in the stomach?
ethyl alcohol and aspirin can be but not food or water
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What does the food mix with in the duodenum?
small intestine secretions, exocrine secretions, and liver secretions from bile ducts
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What does the biliary system contain?
liver, gallbladder, and associated ducts
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Proteolytic enzymes
digest proteins into small peptide chains and amino acids
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Pancreatic amylase
digests polysaccharides into disaccharides
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Pancreatic lipase
only secretion to digest fat
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Aqueous alkaline secretion
neutralizes chyme and promotes pancreatic enzyme action
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What are the functional parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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Duodenum
does a lot of the digestion and absorption
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Jejunum and ileum
finishes the process and aids in mixing
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Segmentation of duodenum
initiated by distension from chyme
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Segmentation of ileum
result of gastrin secretion from chyme goes into stomach
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Migrating motility complex
when segmentation stops between meals and occurs after most absorption has occurred
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Aqueous salt and mucus solution
provides lubrication and protection and provides H2O for hydrolysis
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Na+ absorption
passive in between epithelial cells and active through epithelial cells
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Vitamin absorption
mostly passive absorption
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Electrolyte absorption
iron and calcium absorption are regulated
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Carb and protein absorption
absorbed via secondary active transport into cells
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Fat absorption
passively absorbed through micelles
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Functional parts of the large intestine
cecum, colon, appendix, and rectum
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Haustral contractions
slow mixing movements which shuffle contents back and forth
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Mass movements
happens 3-4 times a day usually after meals where parts of the colon contract simultaneously
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Anabolism
synthesis of larger macromolecules from smaller monomers which requires energy input
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Catabolism
breakdown of macromolecules into monomers though hydrolysis and oxidation after anabolism if needed
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Energy input
comes from ingested food and is released when molecule bonds are broken
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Energy output
comes from the use of energy either through internal work or external work
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External work
energy used to produce mechanical work
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Internal work
activities necessary to sustain life
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Essential nutrients only in food
amino acids, fatty acids, vitamin D and vitamin C
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What stimulates hunger?
neuropeptide
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What suppresses appetite?
melanocortins
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Alpha cells
glucagon
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Beta cells
insulin
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What are the functional glands of the endocrine system?
pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, thymus
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Where do non-polar hormones bind to?
can pass through plasma membrane and bind to the receptor within the organ
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Where to polar hormones bind to?
induce response through secondary messengers and bind to receptors on target organs
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What is hormone secretion tightly regulated by?
negative feedback control, neuroendocrine reflexes, and circadian rhythm
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Permissiveness
one hormone must be present in order for another hormone to be affective
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Synergism
complementary actions of several hormones boosts their effects
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Antagonism
one hormone reduces the effects of another
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Posterior pituitary
functional and anatomically an extension of the hypothalamus which doesn’t produce hormones but stores vasopressin and oxytocin
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Vasopressin
conserves water from nephrons and minimally controls arterial contraction
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Oxytocin
contract uterine smooth muscle and promotes ejection of milk
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Anterior pituitary
synthesizes hormones
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Growth hormone
responsible for regulating body growth and metabolic actions
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
aids in control of sex hormone release and ovulation in females
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
aids in regulation of gamete production and reproductive function
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Prolactin
enhances breast development and lactation in females
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Thyroid hormone
regulates metabolic rate and calorigenic effect
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Parathryoid glands
secrete calcitonin and parathyroid hormone