Hereditary and Mitsosis

Diploid

cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, essential for sexual reproduction.

Haploid

cells with a single set of chromosomes, which is essential for gamete formation in sexual reproduction. These cells are produced through meiosis.

Prophase

The first stage of cell division during mitosis and meiosis, where chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.

Metaphase

The second stage of cell division where chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

Anaphase

The stage in cell division where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers.

How do chromosomes line up in mesiois?

In meiosis, chromosomes line up in pairs along the equatorial plane during metaphase I, with homologous chromosomes facing each other. (horizontally)

G1 phase

The first stage of the interphase in cell division, where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins and organelles in preparation for DNA replication.

G2 phase

The second stage of interphase, cell continues to grow and produces the proteins necessary for mitosis.

S phase

The phase of interphase during which DNA is replicated, ensuring that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes after cell division.

Complete Dominance

A genetic scenario where one allele completely masks the effect of another allele in the phenotype.

Co Dominance

A genetic scenario where both alleles express their traits simultaneously in the phenotype of a heterozygote. (Like a cow with brown and white spots)

Incomplete Dominance

A genetic scenario where the phenotype of a heterozygote is an intermediate blend of both alleles, rather than showing one completely dominant trait. (like a pink flower)

Independent Assortment

The principle that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another during meiosis, resulting in genetic variation.

Linkage

The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis process, affecting trait inheritance.

Rules of X linked Dominant

Affected daughters from Affected Fathers.

Rules of X linked Recessive

Affected sons come from affected mothers.

Rules for Autosomal Recessive

Both males and females can be affected; the trait can skip generations.

Rules for Autosomal Dominant

Affected individuals have at least one affected parent, and the trait typically does not skip generations.

Cyclins

are proteins that regulate the cell cycle, ensuring proper timing of cell division by activating cyclin-dependent kinases. Rises and falls throughout the cell cycle

Cyclin-dependent kinases

are enzymes that, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward, responds to rise and falls of the cell cycle

Kinases

molecules that activate other molecules, usually through phosphorylation

What does cyclin and CDK produce?

MPF