Socio-Cultural Influences - GCSE PE

AQA

Home-field Advantage

Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the majority of the spectators supporting you

Hooliganism

The disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events

Reasons for Hooliganism

Rivalries, Influence of drugs and alcohol, links between supporters and gang culture, media hype inciting supporters to behave badly, frustration with bad decision from official, displays of masculinity

Positive Spectator Influences

Energetic environment, source of revenue, home-field advantage for performers, increase profile of sport

Negative Spectator Influences

Pressure on performers, scare off young performers, crowd trouble, cost a lot of money to manage large crowds

How to combat hooliganism

Early kick-offs (reduce amount of alcohol), all-seater stadia so fans don’t get crushed, segregation of fans, improved security, alcohol restrictions, travel and banning orders and educating spectators

Stimulants (PEDs)

Prohibited drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, increasing mental and physical alertness. Most commonly used by cyclists to help them maintain focus and perform at their optimal level

Narcotic Analgesics (PEDs)

Prohibited drugs that reduce the feeling of pain, masking pain caused by overtraining. Commonly used in boxing to decrease recovery time and get back to training

Anabolic Agents (PEDs)

Artificially produce hormones that mimic testosterone and are prohibited. They promote muscle and bone growth and reduce recovery time. Most commonly used in combat sports to reduce recovery time

Peptide Hormones (PEDs)

Prohibited drugs that stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones. EPO is a peptide hormone

EPO - Peptide Hormone (PEDs)

Increases the red blood cell count and, therefore, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Commonly used by endurance athletes to improve their cardiovascular endurance

Diuretic Drugs (PEDs)

Prohibited Drugs that remove fluid from the body by increasing the rate of urination. Most commonly used in sports with weight categories to help performers lose weight quickly. Also are “masking agents” that reduce the concentration of other prohibited substances in the performer’s urine

Blood Doping (PEDs)

A prohibited method that involves removing blood a few weeks before a competition and then re-injecting it just prior to a competition. This increases the number of red blood cells in the body, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity. This is most commonly used in endurance sports

Beta Blockers (PEDs)

Restricted drugs that steady the nerves by controlling the heart rate. They have a calming and relaxing effect. They improve fine motor skills and are commonly used in darts, snooker, archery and shooting

Why do performers take PEDs?

Increases their chances of success, success leads to fame and fortune

Disadvantages of taking PEDs

Cheating, reputation of sport is damaged, reputation of performer is damaged, they may be stripped of their medals and/or prize money, being caught might lead to a ban, maybe lifetime, which would end their career, health-risks to taking PEDs, credibility of sport is questioned, whether previous successes were real.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

Examples of technology in sports

Hawkeye, performance analysis aids and television match officials

Positive Impacts of technology on performers

Analysis aids can help performers and performers can review decisions that go against them

Negative Impacts of technology on performers

Too many reviews can disrupt flow of sport and best technology isn’t always available to use

Positive Impacts of technology on the sport

Makes competition fairer and guarantees correct decisions are made

Negative Impacts of technology on the sport

Too many reviews can disrupt game flow, annoying officials, spectators and performers

Positive Impacts of technology on officials

Provides them with additional help and confirms good decisions are made

Negative Impacts of technology on officials

Can undermine officials if poor decision is made and some officials may be too reliant on the technology

Positive Impacts of technology on spectators

Shows them how decisions are made, provides confidence that decisions are fair and adds excitement to sport

Negative Impacts of technology on spectators

Can cause poor behaviour if decision is not reviewed

Positive Impacts of technology on sponsor

Ensures fair play which projects a good image on the sport which reflect on the sponsors

Negative Impacts of technology on sponsor

Not available at all levels of sport

Commercialisation

The management or exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in a way designed to make a profit

Media

A diverse range of technologies that act as a means of mass communication

What are the types of media?

Broadcast, Social, Print and Outdoor

Sponsor

An individual or group that provides financial or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation

Sponsorship

Provision of funds or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation in return for some kind of commercial return

How can sponsorship be provided?

Financial, Equipment, Clothing or Facilities

Positive Impacts of sponsorship on performer

More money to pay higher wages and media spotlight can turn performers into role models

Negative Impacts of sponsorship on performer

Increases pressure to perform which decreases performer’s enjoyment to play. Media scrutiny on performers could impact their playing

Positive Impacts of sponsorship on official

This would more likely be a professional role and a path to look in to.

Negative Impacts of sponsorship on official

Increased pressure on officials to not make wrong choice - also media scrutiny

Positive Impacts of sponsorship on sport

Increased interest in the sport meaning more grass-roots participation and increased money in sport as well as increased competitions, more reach for the sport

Negative Impacts of sponsorship on sport

Sports can become dependent on money and rules of sport may be changed to meet requirements of media

Positive Impacts of sponsorship on spectators

Easy to support team because it can be streamed, money spent on technology to advance sport and streaming, good quality facilities make live sport more comfortable

Positive Impacts of sponsorship on sponsor

Sponsor’s name or brand is advertised to wide audience

Negative Impacts of sponsorship on sponsor

If team is hit by scandal, reputation of image could be damaged

Role model

A person to be looked up to by others as an example to be imitated

How does gender affect participation?

Stereotypes or lack of role models or lack of available facilities/clubs

How does ethnicity affect participation?

Religion and lack of role models may play a role that may restrict performers. As well as this, cultural traditions may have an impact on participation such as fasting

How does age affect participation?

Flexibility decreases with age, as well as this, you’re more likely to get injured if you are older. However, experience and skills can improve with age

How does family affect participation?

Family provide a means of transport to training, which reduces costs, a family member (if participating in that sport) become a role model and they provide equipment for their child/relative to use.

How do peers affect participation?

Peers have a powerful influence on decisions you make. “Peer pressure” can play a role and can be a barrier to participation

How does disability affect participation?

A physical or mental impairment would mean that it’s harder for them to carry out activities and harder to find clubs/opportunities that support their need due to less demand. This means that they will have to travel further to reach this and spend more money