BIO163 Exam 2 Study Guide

A collection of flashcards covering key terminology and concepts from the BIO163 Exam 2 Study Guide, focusing on the cardiovascular and immune systems.

Arteries

Carry blood AWAY from the heart.

Veins

Carry blood INTO the heart.

Tunica Intima

The innermost layer of the blood vessel wall.

Tunica Media

The middle layer of the blood vessel wall, consisting of smooth muscle.

Tunica Externa

The outermost layer of the blood vessel wall.

Capillaries

Considered exchange vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

Blood Pressure (BP)

The force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by blood.

Peripheral Resistance (R)

The resistance of blood vessels that influences blood flow.

Systolic Pressure

Pressure exerted in the aorta during ventricular contraction.

Diastolic Pressure

The lowest level of aortic pressure when the heart is at rest.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Calculated as (1/3 of systolic – diastolic) + Diastolic.

Hypovolemic Shock

A type of circulatory shock resulting from large-scale blood loss.

Vascular Shock

Circulatory shock due to extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance.

Cardiogenic Shock

Results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation.

Auto regulation

Local blood flow adjustment to meet tissue requirements.

Hydrostatic Pressure

Force pushed out by fluid pressing against the wall of a blood vessel.

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Sucking pressure created by nondiffusible proteins.

Edema

Abnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid.

Lymphatic System

Returns interstitial fluid and plasma proteins to blood; provides the basis of the immune system.

Lymph Nodes

Cleanse lymph and activate immune responses.

T Cells

Manage immune response and may attack and destroy infected cells.

B Cells

Produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

Immunocompetence

The ability of lymphocytes to recognize specific antigens.

Clonal Selection

The process where a naïve lymphocyte first encounters an antigen and becomes activated.

Helper T Cells

Activate both humoral and cellular immune responses.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells.

Regulatory T Cells

Dampen the immune response and help prevent autoimmune reactions.

HIV Virus Effects

Cripples the immune system by destroying helper T cells.

Type I Hypersensitivity

Acute allergic reaction that begins seconds after contact with an allergen.