A&P Senses

large, complex sensory organs in the head

Where are sensory receptors?

smell, taste, hearing, sight

What are the 4 special senses?

olfactory organs

What do you use to smell?

taste buds

What do you use to taste?

equilibrium in ears

What do you use to hear?

eyes

What do you use for sight?

chemoreceptors

What responds to chemicals dissolved in liquids?

olfactory receptors and epithelial cells

What do olfactory organs contain?

nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, nasal septum

What do olfactory organs cover parts of?

nerves, bulb, tracts, limbic, cortex

Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through olfactory \______ to olfactory \______ to olfactory \______ to \__________ system and olfactory \_______

papille of tongue, roof of mouth, lining of cheeks, walls of pharynx

where are your taste buds located?

taste cells

modified epithelial cells that function as receptors

taste hairs

microvilli that protrude from taste cells; the sensitive parts of taste cells

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

what are the 4 primary taste sensations?

sweet

stimulated by carbohydrates

sour

stimulated by acids

salty

stimulated by salts

bitter

stimulated by many organic compounds

spicy

foods that activate pain receptors

medulla oblongata, gustatory

sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along cranial nerves to \_______ \_______ to thalamus to \______________ cortex (for interpretation)

outer, middle, inner

what are the 3 parts of the ear?

hearing and equilibrium

What 2 things is the ear used for?

auricle

your "ear", helps focus sounds into ear

external acoustic meatus

ear canal, 1 inch long

tympanic membrane

ear drum, picks up sound waves, cone shaped, semitransparent membrane attached to malleus

ceruminous

what glands secrete earwax?

cerumen

what is another name for earwax?

hair

what helps keep objects out of the ear?

middle ear (tympanic cavity)

air filled space in temporal bone

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

what are the 3 auditory ossicles (ear bones)?

transmit, amplify, inner

bones \______ and \________ vibrations from tympanic membrane to \______ ear

stapes

attached to inner ear at oval window, which vibrates fluid in ear stimulating receptors

tympanic reflex

following a loud sound, muscles keep the ossicles from moving which protects ear

auditory tube

connects middle ear with pharynx - maintains equal air pressure

altitude

change in \_______ changes pressure on ear

air, popping

swallowing, yawning, or chewing opens valves. \____ rushes in making a \_______ noise

inner ear

it's a labyrinth - system of interconnecting chambers and tubes

osseous labyrinth

in temporal bone with perilymph between it and membranous labyrinth - bony canal of inner ear in temporal bonesta

endolymph

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

semicircular canals

senses equilibrium

vestibule

between the cochlea and canals

snail shell

interprets sound, in the cochlea

2

cochlea has a thin bony shelf that splits into \____ compartments?

scala vestibuli

upper compartment of the cochlea that leads from oval window to apex spiral

malleus

Auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane

stapedius

muscle attached to stapes

tectorial membrane

contacts hairs of hearing receptors

tensor tympani

muscle attached to malleus

scala tympani

lower compartment of cochlea, leads from apex to round window

perilymph

what are the 2 compartments of the cochlea filled with?

cochlear duct

in the cochlea between scala vestibulae and scala tympani - filled with endolymph

vestibular membrane

between cochlear duct and scala vestibulae

basilar membrane

between cochlear duct and scala tympani

stiff, elastic fibers

what does the basilar membrane contain thousands of?

oval window

Where do vibrations enter at?

scala vestibulae, vestibular

after entering, vibrations travel through the \______ \_________ and pass through the \___________ membrane

cochlear duct, basilar membrane

after passing through the vestibular membrane, vibrations enter the \_______ \______ where they move the \__________ \_____________

scala tympani, round

after vibrations move the basilar membrane, they enter the \_______ \__________ and dissipate at the \_______ window

Corti, 16000

organ of \________ contains \_______ hearing receptors on basilar membrane

vibrations in the fluid

what causes the hairs to touch the tectorial membrane?

20 to 20,000

what is the normal vibrations per second in the ear of a young person?

vestibulocochlear

cells send impulse to brain on \______________ nerves and interprets sound

static and dynamic

what are the 2 kinds of equilibrium?

static equilibrium

when head and body are still

utricle and saccule

What are the 2 chambers in the vestibule?

macula

what are the hair cells in the vestibule chambers called?

gelatinous fluid

what is macula surrounded by?

position

gravity causes the gel to move thus telling the brain what \_________ the head is in

dynamic equilibrium

when head and body move, maintains balance

different

each semicircular canal is in a \_________ plane

ampulla

What communicates with the utricle at the end of the canal?

crista ampullaris

What is a sense organ that each ampulla houses?

rapidly, inertia, bends

When head turns \__________, fluid in the ear wants to stay still due to \_______. This \_____ hair cells of crista ampullaris, which sends nerve impulse to the brain.

eye lids

thin skin, orbicularis oculi closes it, levator palpebrae superioris opens it

conjunctiva

mucus membrane that lines back of eye lid and front of eye ball

lacrimal glands

above eye, secrete tears

lacrimal ducts

collect fluid and passes into nasal cavity

lysozyme

tears contain \________ - prevents eye infections

superior rectus

rotates eye up and toward midline

inferior rectus

rotates eye downward and toward midline

medial rectus

rotates eye toward midline

lateral rectus

rotates eye away from midline

superior oblique

downward and away from midline

inferior oblique

upward and away from midline

cornea, sclera

what 2 things are in the outer tunic?

cornea

window of eye, focus light rays, front 1/6th of outer tunic

sclera

continuous with cornea and is a white covering of eyeball, posterior 5/6 th

choroid coat, ciliary body, lens, iris

what 4 things are in the middle tunic?

choroid coat

between sclera and retina - rich blood supply, pigments that absorbs excess light

ciliary body

many fibers that holds lens in place

lens

clear elastic capsule

ciliary muscles

pull lens tight to see far, relax so lens gets thick to see close

iris

thin diaphragm between lens and cornea

anterior cavity

iris separates \_______ \________ into anterior chamber and posterior chamber

aqueous humor

fills the chambers in the iris

pupil

opening in iris

dilates, constricts

pupil \_____ in low light, \_______ in bright light

retina, vitreous humor

what 2 things does the inner tunic contain?

retina

inside of eye, contains visual receptors

macula lutea

1 sq mm yellowish spot