nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, nasal septum
What do olfactory organs cover parts of?
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nerves, bulb, tracts, limbic, cortex
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through olfactory \______ to olfactory \______ to olfactory \______ to \__________ system and olfactory \_______
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papille of tongue, roof of mouth, lining of cheeks, walls of pharynx
where are your taste buds located?
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taste cells
modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
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taste hairs
microvilli that protrude from taste cells; the sensitive parts of taste cells
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sweet, sour, salty, bitter
what are the 4 primary taste sensations?
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sweet
stimulated by carbohydrates
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sour
stimulated by acids
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salty
stimulated by salts
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bitter
stimulated by many organic compounds
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spicy
foods that activate pain receptors
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medulla oblongata, gustatory
sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along cranial nerves to \_______ \_______ to thalamus to \______________ cortex (for interpretation)
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outer, middle, inner
what are the 3 parts of the ear?
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hearing and equilibrium
What 2 things is the ear used for?
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auricle
your "ear", helps focus sounds into ear
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external acoustic meatus
ear canal, 1 inch long
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tympanic membrane
ear drum, picks up sound waves, cone shaped, semitransparent membrane attached to malleus
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ceruminous
what glands secrete earwax?
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cerumen
what is another name for earwax?
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hair
what helps keep objects out of the ear?
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middle ear (tympanic cavity)
air filled space in temporal bone
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malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
what are the 3 auditory ossicles (ear bones)?
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transmit, amplify, inner
bones \______ and \________ vibrations from tympanic membrane to \______ ear
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stapes
attached to inner ear at oval window, which vibrates fluid in ear stimulating receptors
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tympanic reflex
following a loud sound, muscles keep the ossicles from moving which protects ear
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auditory tube
connects middle ear with pharynx - maintains equal air pressure
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altitude
change in \_______ changes pressure on ear
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air, popping
swallowing, yawning, or chewing opens valves. \____ rushes in making a \_______ noise
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inner ear
it's a labyrinth - system of interconnecting chambers and tubes
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osseous labyrinth
in temporal bone with perilymph between it and membranous labyrinth - bony canal of inner ear in temporal bonesta
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endolymph
what is the membranous labyrinth filled with?
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semicircular canals
senses equilibrium
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vestibule
between the cochlea and canals
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snail shell
interprets sound, in the cochlea
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2
cochlea has a thin bony shelf that splits into \____ compartments?
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scala vestibuli
upper compartment of the cochlea that leads from oval window to apex spiral
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malleus
Auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane
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stapedius
muscle attached to stapes
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tectorial membrane
contacts hairs of hearing receptors
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tensor tympani
muscle attached to malleus
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scala tympani
lower compartment of cochlea, leads from apex to round window
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perilymph
what are the 2 compartments of the cochlea filled with?
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cochlear duct
in the cochlea between scala vestibulae and scala tympani - filled with endolymph
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vestibular membrane
between cochlear duct and scala vestibulae
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basilar membrane
between cochlear duct and scala tympani
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stiff, elastic fibers
what does the basilar membrane contain thousands of?
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oval window
Where do vibrations enter at?
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scala vestibulae, vestibular
after entering, vibrations travel through the \______ \_________ and pass through the \___________ membrane
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cochlear duct, basilar membrane
after passing through the vestibular membrane, vibrations enter the \_______ \______ where they move the \__________ \_____________
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scala tympani, round
after vibrations move the basilar membrane, they enter the \_______ \__________ and dissipate at the \_______ window
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Corti, 16000
organ of \________ contains \_______ hearing receptors on basilar membrane
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vibrations in the fluid
what causes the hairs to touch the tectorial membrane?
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20 to 20,000
what is the normal vibrations per second in the ear of a young person?
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vestibulocochlear
cells send impulse to brain on \______________ nerves and interprets sound
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static and dynamic
what are the 2 kinds of equilibrium?
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static equilibrium
when head and body are still
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utricle and saccule
What are the 2 chambers in the vestibule?
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macula
what are the hair cells in the vestibule chambers called?
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gelatinous fluid
what is macula surrounded by?
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position
gravity causes the gel to move thus telling the brain what \_________ the head is in
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dynamic equilibrium
when head and body move, maintains balance
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different
each semicircular canal is in a \_________ plane
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ampulla
What communicates with the utricle at the end of the canal?
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crista ampullaris
What is a sense organ that each ampulla houses?
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rapidly, inertia, bends
When head turns \__________, fluid in the ear wants to stay still due to \_______. This \_____ hair cells of crista ampullaris, which sends nerve impulse to the brain.