large, complex sensory organs in the head
Where are sensory receptors?
smell, taste, hearing, sight
What are the 4 special senses?
olfactory organs
What do you use to smell?
taste buds
What do you use to taste?
equilibrium in ears
What do you use to hear?
eyes
What do you use for sight?
chemoreceptors
What responds to chemicals dissolved in liquids?
olfactory receptors and epithelial cells
What do olfactory organs contain?
nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, nasal septum
What do olfactory organs cover parts of?
nerves, bulb, tracts, limbic, cortex
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through olfactory ______ to olfactory ______ to olfactory ______ to __________ system and olfactory _______
papille of tongue, roof of mouth, lining of cheeks, walls of pharynx
where are your taste buds located?
taste cells
modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
taste hairs
microvilli that protrude from taste cells; the sensitive parts of taste cells
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
what are the 4 primary taste sensations?
sweet
stimulated by carbohydrates
sour
stimulated by acids
salty
stimulated by salts
bitter
stimulated by many organic compounds
spicy
foods that activate pain receptors
medulla oblongata, gustatory
sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along cranial nerves to _______ _______ to thalamus to ______________ cortex (for interpretation)
outer, middle, inner
what are the 3 parts of the ear?
hearing and equilibrium
What 2 things is the ear used for?
auricle
your "ear", helps focus sounds into ear
external acoustic meatus
ear canal, 1 inch long
tympanic membrane
ear drum, picks up sound waves, cone shaped, semitransparent membrane attached to malleus
ceruminous
what glands secrete earwax?
cerumen
what is another name for earwax?
hair
what helps keep objects out of the ear?
middle ear (tympanic cavity)
air filled space in temporal bone
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
what are the 3 auditory ossicles (ear bones)?
transmit, amplify, inner
bones ______ and ________ vibrations from tympanic membrane to ______ ear
stapes
attached to inner ear at oval window, which vibrates fluid in ear stimulating receptors
tympanic reflex
following a loud sound, muscles keep the ossicles from moving which protects ear
auditory tube
connects middle ear with pharynx - maintains equal air pressure
altitude
change in _______ changes pressure on ear
air, popping
swallowing, yawning, or chewing opens valves. ____ rushes in making a _______ noise
inner ear
it's a labyrinth - system of interconnecting chambers and tubes
osseous labyrinth
in temporal bone with perilymph between it and membranous labyrinth - bony canal of inner ear in temporal bonesta
endolymph
what is the membranous labyrinth filled with?
semicircular canals
senses equilibrium
vestibule
between the cochlea and canals
snail shell
interprets sound, in the cochlea
2
cochlea has a thin bony shelf that splits into ____ compartments?
scala vestibuli
upper compartment of the cochlea that leads from oval window to apex spiral
malleus
Auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane
stapedius
muscle attached to stapes
tectorial membrane
contacts hairs of hearing receptors
tensor tympani
muscle attached to malleus
scala tympani
lower compartment of cochlea, leads from apex to round window
perilymph
what are the 2 compartments of the cochlea filled with?
cochlear duct
in the cochlea between scala vestibulae and scala tympani - filled with endolymph
vestibular membrane
between cochlear duct and scala vestibulae
basilar membrane
between cochlear duct and scala tympani
stiff, elastic fibers
what does the basilar membrane contain thousands of?
oval window
Where do vibrations enter at?
scala vestibulae, vestibular
after entering, vibrations travel through the ______ _________ and pass through the ___________ membrane
cochlear duct, basilar membrane
after passing through the vestibular membrane, vibrations enter the _______ ______ where they move the __________ _____________
scala tympani, round
after vibrations move the basilar membrane, they enter the _______ __________ and dissipate at the _______ window
Corti, 16000
organ of ________ contains _______ hearing receptors on basilar membrane
vibrations in the fluid
what causes the hairs to touch the tectorial membrane?
20 to 20,000
what is the normal vibrations per second in the ear of a young person?
vestibulocochlear
cells send impulse to brain on ______________ nerves and interprets sound
static and dynamic
what are the 2 kinds of equilibrium?
static equilibrium
when head and body are still
utricle and saccule
What are the 2 chambers in the vestibule?
macula
what are the hair cells in the vestibule chambers called?
gelatinous fluid
what is macula surrounded by?
position
gravity causes the gel to move thus telling the brain what _________ the head is in
dynamic equilibrium
when head and body move, maintains balance
different
each semicircular canal is in a _________ plane
ampulla
What communicates with the utricle at the end of the canal?
crista ampullaris
What is a sense organ that each ampulla houses?
rapidly, inertia, bends
When head turns _, fluid in the ear wants to stay still due to _. This __ hair cells of crista ampullaris, which sends nerve impulse to the brain.
eye lids
thin skin, orbicularis oculi closes it, levator palpebrae superioris opens it
conjunctiva
mucus membrane that lines back of eye lid and front of eye ball
lacrimal glands
above eye, secrete tears
lacrimal ducts
collect fluid and passes into nasal cavity
lysozyme
tears contain ________ - prevents eye infections
superior rectus
rotates eye up and toward midline
inferior rectus
rotates eye downward and toward midline
medial rectus
rotates eye toward midline
lateral rectus
rotates eye away from midline
superior oblique
downward and away from midline
inferior oblique
upward and away from midline
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