Mr. Kederis FINAL TEST KNOWT 6/3/25

Who won the 1940 election?

FDR

What was FDR’s quote for WWII?

“We must be the great arsenal for democracy.”

What act gave the president the authority to provide weapons or supplies to any nation whose defense was vital to the defense of the US? How many money in supplies was sent?

Lend-Lease Act. 50 billion dollars.

What was the meet up between FDR and Churchill called? When was it?

Atlantic Charter, August 1941.

What was the US Navy Base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japan? When?

Pearl Harbor, December 7th, 1941.

What was putting Japanese Citizens to be put into prison camps on the West Coast b/c the US was afraid of a possible invasion in Japan?

Japanese Internment

What was the first major turning point for the US against Japan as they moved towards Hawaii?

Midway

What were the first African American military pilots? How many missions and where? How long did they fight?

Tuskegee Airmen, 15k missions over Europe and North Africa. Faught for 2 years.

What was the allied invasion against Germany in Normandy, France? When? Led by who?

D-Day, June 6th, 1944, General Dwight Eisenhower.

What battle did the allies defeat Germany along the borders of France and Belgium? What was it?

Battle of the Bulge. Hitler’s last offensive in the war.

Who was the US tank commander who led the allies in WWII?

General George Patton

What projected costed 2 billion dollars and was a secret plan of building 3 atomic bombs? What did the US do with one of them and was gonna do with the other 2?

Manhattan Project. US tested one, and used the other 2 against Japan.

Where did the US drop the first Atomic Bomb? What happened?

Dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima, 70k died instantly, and Japan did not surrender.

Where did the US drop the second Atomic bomb? What happened?

Nagasaki. 40k died instantly, and Japan surrendered.

What was Harry S. Truman's background?

Had a clothing business, a judge, and a senator from missouri

What was Harry S. Truman's personality?

He was stubborn, decisive,nonsense,hardworking and not like FDR

What was a period of tension + hostility between US + SU without armed conflict that lasted 40 years during Truman’s presidency?

Cold War

What was the US policy of trying to stop the spread of communism?

Containment

What was the US sending military + economic aid to nations trying to resists outside pressures? Where did it mainly Apply?

Truman Doctrine, Greece and Turkey

What was the US providing money + supplies to allies in Western Europe to help rebuild from war and protect from communist threat? How much was spent in 4 years?

Marshall Plan, $13 billion

What was the cause of the Korean War? What are the results?

North Korea crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea. An armistice occurred and the 38th parallel was restored.

What was Douglas MacArthur’s role in Korean?

He was the leader of US/UN forces.

What battle did MacArthur lead the US to victory over NK and ended their takeover of the capital? What did he do after?

2nd battle of seoul. He led an invasion of NK which caused China to enter the war and forced the US to retreat.

What did Truman do after D-Mac and him spoke?

He fired him.

What was Nixon's speech about his life and his dog to clear his name? How did the public feel?

"Checkers" Speech. They loved it.

What was Dwight Eisenhower's background?

WWII Hero, and no political experience.

What was Eisenhower's personality?

Optimistic, likeable, shy, respected, and grandfatherly.

What was the term people called Ike's presidency b/c he took time off and let his cabinet make decisions?

Hidden-Hand Presidency

What act created the interstate highway system to improve transportation in the US?

Federal Highway Act

What was the first space sattellite? When was it launched?

Soviet Sputnik that orbitted earth in Oct 4th, 1957.

What was the school-segregation case?

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.

Who was the 8 year old African American who was denied admission to an all-white pub. school?

Linda Brown.

What was the final court decision of the Brown V. Board of Education case? What did it reverse?

A unanimous decision to end segregation in public schools. Plessy v. Ferguson, and said that separate but equal was unlawful.

What was the bus segregation incident?

Montgomery Bus Boycott (Alabama 1955)

Who was the 42 year old seamstress who was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus?

Rosa Parks

How many people decided to protest by refusing to give up their seats after Rosa Parks was arrested?

40k.

Who was the 26 year old minister from Georgia that was chosen to lead the boycott?

Martin Luther King Jr.

What was the MLK’S philosophy?

Non-Violent resistance

What was the school integration incident? What was it meant to do?

Little Rock Crisis (Ak. 1957). 9 African American students were apart of a program to enroll at Central High School.

Who sent the national guard to keep order in the Little Rock Crisis? What did it also do?

Governor Orval Faubus, prevented the 9 students from going to school.

What did Eisenhower do regarding the school integration incident?

Ordered the guard to be removed, then sent in the army to surround the school so the 9 kids could go in safely. About 1k soldiers.

Who was the senior that graduated from Central High?

Ernest Green

What happened in the 1960 election?

JFK defeated Nixon.

What was JFK’s background?

Senator from massachusetts and from a wealthy, famous family

What was JFK’s personality?

Great speaker, great leader, confident, energetic, popular.

What amendment outlawed the poll tax?

24th amendment.

What was JFK’s foreign policy idea of being ready to use military based on the size and severity of the problem?

“Flexible Response”

What did the CIA do in the bay of pigs invasion?

trained cuban rebels to fight so they could overthrow their leader, Fidel Castro.

What were the results of the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

Leader was prepared and his army defeated the invasion. JFK took the blame and it increased his popularity.

What spent 10 months investigation the assassination that was headed by Earl Warren? What was the conclusion?

Warren Commission, that there was no conspiracy and that Oswald acted alone.

What was LBJ’s background?

A congressman and senator from Texas.

What was LBJ’s personality?

Aggressive, hardworking, intimidating, energetic, and skilled politcian.

What abolished segregation in all public places and outlawed discrimination in the workspace? What was its goal?

Civil Rights Act of 1964. To insure the 14th + 15th amd. were enforced.

What was the name for LBJ’s programs to help the poor, the elderly, civil rights, education, etc?

Great Society.

What provided vocational + academic programs for young people and unskilled workers?

Job Corp

What program had people going to help others in poor neighborhoods? What did it stand for?

VISTA. Volunteers In Service To America.

What was low-cost healthcare for people 65 and older?

Medicare

What was low cost healthcare for disabled?

Medicaid

What was a program to provide early childhood education opportunities’ for people w/ low income?

Head Start

What abolished the use of literacy tests?

Voting rights Act of 1965

What was the US ship that crossed over the 17th parallel into the Gulf of Tonkin?

USS Maddox.

What gave the president the power to take all necessary steps to prevent aggression in Vietnam and Southeast Asia?

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

What did the LBJ do in them 1968 election?

made the surprise announcement that he wouldn’t run another term.

Who was LBJ’s VP that was favored by the democratic party? What position did he hold in Vietnam?

Hubert Humphery, had a moderate position in Vietnam.

Who was the minnesota senator in the 1968 election? Who was he favored by? What was his position on war?

Eugune McCarthy, favored by hippies, strong anti-war position.

Who was the New York senator in the 1968 election? Who was he the younger brother of? What was his plan for war? Who was he supported by? Which primary did he win and what happened afterward?

Robert F. Kennedy, JFK, had a peace plan for war, supported by the working class, California but was assassinated afterward.

Who was the independent third party candidate? What was he? What did he want to do in Vietnam? What did he favor?

George Wallace. an Alabama governor. He wanted to win, and favored segregation.

Who was the candidate that retired from politics in 1962, but returned? What was his promise?

Richard M. Nixon (Republican). His promise was that he had a secret plan in Vietnam.

What was Richard M. Nixon’s background?

Congressman + senator from California. VP for Ike.

What was Richard M. Nixon’s personality?

Intelligent, complex, experienced, resourceful, and paranoid.

What were some of Richard M. Nixon’s problems?

Obsessed w/ his image

did not get along w/ the press

had many political enemies

Who were the non-protestors and working-class people who Nixon reacted out to in order to help him unite the country?

Silent Majority

What was the gradual removal of US Troops from Vietnam and preparing South Vietnam to take over the fighting? How many were removed per year? What made people dislike Nixon during this?

Vietnamization, 100k removed per year, but Nixon ordered random bombings of NV.

What was the event that MLK and other civil rights leaders led a peaceful protest for freedom and jobs. How many people marched? What did it lead to?

March on Washington (Aug. 1963) at Lincoln memorial. 250k people marched, and this led tot he passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Who was the civil rights activist who began the black power movement?

Stokely Carmicheal.

Who was the leader of the Nation of Islam who spoke out for “Black Nationalism”? What type of approach was taken for civil rights?

Malcolm X took an aggressive approach to civil rights.

What was the militant protest group that stressed black power and wanted unity and self-defense for African Americans?

Black Panthers

Who was appointed by LBJ as the first African American on the Supreme Court?

Thurgood Marshall

What was the surprise attack by NV and the Vietcong on US bases + many cities in SV? Results?

Tet offensive.

1. It was a holiday and the US was caught off-guard.

2. US + SV realized fought off the attack, but realized that the war would not end soon.

3. Media coverage in the US caused protests to get worse.

What was the event that Nixon ordered an attack on a neutral country b/c it was being used by NV for bases and supplies? What were the results?

Invasion of Cambodia (1970), US achieved its goal of containing communism, but protestors were outraged at home.

What were the war powers acts?

The president cannot send troops for more than 60 days unless approved by congress.

The president must give 48 hours notice before sending military into action.

What were the overall results of the Vietnam War?

1. US did not achieve its goal.

2. US lost 58k troops.

3. Nixon ended the draft.

4. 26th amendment lowered voting age from 21 to 18.

WATERGATE

the cause?

What did Nixon do?

the result?

Bugged phones and taken documents about George McGovern.

Nixon ordered a cover-up

Nixon was charged with obstruction of Justice, abuse of presidential power, and contempt of Congress. He was the first (and only) president to resign.

What happened in the 1950s regarding Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh took over in North Vietnam.

What divided North and South Vietnam?

17th Parallel

What did the US do in the 1950s regarding Vietnam initally?

Began to send economic aid and military “advisors” to South Vietnam on a “Nation Building Mission.”

What was the US goal in the 1950’s regarding Vietnam?

to protect the republic in South Vietnam and keep them from communism.

What did JFK do in regards to Vietnam?

He sent 15k advisors to South Vietnam

What did LBJ cite in regards to Vietnam? What did he do after?

He cited the domino theory, then began to send troops to South Vietnam.

What was the US ship that crossed over the 17th parallel into the Gulf of Tonkin?

USS Maddox.

What happened when the US ship crossed into the 17th parallel?

It was shot at by North Vietnam

What was reported after the US ship crossed the 17th parallel?

The US was attacked

What gave the president the power to take all necessary steps to prevent aggression in Vietnam and Southeast Asia?

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

What caused the “Escalation of War”?

LBJ sending more troops to South Vietnam and ordered bombings of North Vietnam.

How many troops in the south were in 1964? 1965?

78k, 180k.

What were communist rebels in the South that wanted all of Vietnam under communist rule?

Vietcong.

What was the codename for US bombings + air attacks on North Vietnam in hopes they’d surrender?

Operation Rolling Thunder

What was the leader of US forces in Vietnam?

General William Westmoreland.

What was the plan of the leader of US forces in Vietnam? What exactly was it?

“A War On Attrition”. Seek and destroy missions in order to ware down North Vietnam.

Who was LBJ’s secretary of defense?

Robert McNamara.