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Unification of Germany
The process where German states united under Prussia in 1871, largely due to Otto von Bismarck’s leadership.
Otto von Bismarck
Prussian chancellor who united Germany through diplomacy and war, using Realpolitik to achieve his goals.
Zollverein
A customs union that allowed free trade between German states, helping pave the way for unification.
Realpolitik
A practical political approach focusing on power and national interest rather than ideology, used by Bismarck to unite Germany.
Blood and Iron
Bismarck's policy of using war and military strength to achieve German unification.
Second Reich
The German Empire created in 1871, lasting until 1918 under Kaiser Wilhelm I.
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's policies aimed at reducing the power of the Catholic Church in Germany.
Unification of Italy
The process of merging various Italian states into one nation, largely driven by figures like Garibaldi and Cavour.
Nationalism’s role in the Old Empires
Nationalism contributed to the decline of empires like the Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, as ethnic groups sought independence.
Austria-Hungary
A dual monarchy in Central Europe that struggled with rising nationalism among its diverse ethnic groups.
Imperialism
The policy of one country’s political, economic, or cultural domination over other lands and territories.
New Imperialism
A period in which industrial nations scrambled for territories that would provide them with raw materials and serve as markets for their manufactured goods.
Social Darwinism
The belief that certain races or nations are superior and justified in dominating others, often used to justify imperialism.
Rudyard Kipling's White Man's Burden
A poem that urged Western nations to take on the 'burden' of colonizing and 'civilizing' non-Western countries.
Western Advantages Effects of Imperialism in Africa and Asia
Western powers used technology, military strength, and industrialization to dominate and exploit African and Asian countries.
Protectorate
Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity.
Sphere of Influence
An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.
Direct Rule
Foreign officers were brought to rule, self-rule wasn’t allowed, the goal was assimilation, government institutions were based only on European styles.
Indirect Rule
Local government officials were used to help rule, self-rule was limited, aimed at developing future leaders.
Leopold II
The Belgian king who exploited Congo, forcing its people into brutal labor for rubber and resources.
Scramble for Africa
The rapid colonization and division of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century.
