Video: Medicolegal Systems and Medical Practice (Vocabulary Flashcards)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on medical practice systems, statutes, ethics, forensic medicine, medicolegal procedures, and related laws in Pakistan.

Allopathic System

The modern, evidence-based system of medicine based on scientific principles and ongoing research.

Homeopathic System

A system of medicine based on the principle of treating like with like using highly diluted remedies.

Tibb/Hikmat

Unani or traditional Arabic-Islamic system of medicine.

Ayurvedic System

Traditional Indian system of medicine focusing on balance of body, mind, and spirit.

MBBS

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery; 5 years of medical study plus 1 year house job after F.Sc 1st class.

BDS

Bachelor of Dental Surgery; 4 years of dental study plus 1 year house job.

PMDC

Pakistan Medical and Dental Council, statutory body regulating medical and dental practice.

PMDC Ordinance 1962

Legislation establishing and governing the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council.

Drug Act 1976

Law regulating drug registration, quality, safety and efficacy; modernized drug legislation.

Dangerous Drug Act 1930

Law addressing misuse of drugs with addiction potential and prescribing controls.

Central Licensing Board

PMDC-related body involved in licensing medical practice.

Registration Board

PMDC body responsible for medical/dental practitioner registration.

Standing Drugs Committees

Committees that oversee drug regulation and policy implementation.

Term of approval/withdrawal (Drugs)

Approval for a product may be modified or withdrawn based on new information.

Drug quality and safety

Marketed drugs must meet quality standards and be tested for safety and efficacy.

Advertising control (Drugs)

Regulation of drug advertising to prevent misuse by professionals and public.

New drug testing

New drugs must be adequately tested/evaluated for safety and efficacy before use.

Main drugs misused

Cocaine (coca), opiates, and amphetamines are primary misuses.

Islam and addiction

Addiction is considered haram (forbidden) in Islam.

Medical and Dental Degree Ordinance 1980

Law defining conferment of medical/dental degrees and prohibition of unauthorized titles.

Scientific medical and dental system in law

Allopathic system defined as the scientific medical/dental framework in law.

Universities grant degrees

Universities established by act of legislature grant medical degrees; CPSP involved.

CPSP

College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; postgraduate qualification body.

RMP (Registered Medical Practitioner)

A medical practitioner registered with PM&DC and authorized to practice.

Word Doctor restriction

The title 'Dr' may be used only by those duly registered with PM&DC.

Unauthorized degrees/diplomas prohibition

Falsely conferring medical/dental degrees is prohibited by law.

Proficiency of medical profession (PM&DC objective)

PM&DC evaluates courses, prescribes minimum qualifications for teachers, and inspects institutions.

Medical register

Official list of all licensed medical practitioners.

Two portions of Medical Register

First: ordinary practitioners (MBBS/BDS). Second: specialists with additional qualifications.

Medical Registration requirements

Application with fee, certificates, good character, and citizenship proofs.

PM&DC Committees (examples)

Executive, Disciplinary, Curriculum, Dental Education, Standing Recognition, etc.

NEB (National Examination Board)

Committee that oversees national medical examinations.

Postgraduate Medical Education Committee

PM&DC body overseeing postgraduate medical training.

Anti Quackery Committee

Committee to combat unqualified medical practice.

RMP privileges

Rights to employment, independent practice, issuing certificates, prescribing drugs, charging for services.

RMP obligations

Notify address changes; avoid false titles; comply with state duties and reporting.

PM&DC Oath

Oath pledging to follow medical ethics, service to humanity, confidentiality.

Declaration of Geneva

Modern medical oath emphasizing service, ethics, confidentiality, and humanity.

Professional Misconduct

Disgraceful or dishonorable conduct by a medical practitioner in professional duties.

Infamous conduct in professional respect

Conduct deemed disgraceful by professional peers.

Issuing false medical certificates

Providing fraudulent medical certificates is a form of misconduct.

Prescribing drugs of addiction for abuse

Misusing prescription drugs for non-therapeutic, addictive purposes.

Disclosing patient secrets

Revealing confidential patient information without just cause.

Adultery with a patient

Engaging in intimate relationships with a patient; considered misconduct.

Unsterile instruments/poor patient care

Using unsterile instruments or exposing patients to infection risk.

Treatment under influence

Treating a patient while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Prescribing in secret formula

Writing prescriptions in code or secret formulas to a specific pharmacy.

Fee sharing (dichotomy)

Giving or receiving commissions for patient referrals.

Advertising for unreasonable gains

Promoting services or status for unjustified financial gain.

Punishments for misconduct

Warnings, erasure from register, temporary or permanent removal (disciplinary actions).

Professional secrecy (confidentiality)

Duty to protect patient secrets, with possible exceptions for public interest.

Privileged communication

Disclosure to authorities with legitimate legal duty or public interest.

Medical documentation

Medical records, certificates, reports, prescriptions and notifications.

Informed consent

Process by which patients receive adequate information to consent to treatment.

Elements of informed consent

Nature, alternatives, risks/benefits, understanding, voluntary acceptance.

Steps to obtain consent

Identify patient, explain action/outcome/choices, check understanding, obtain consent.

Right to refuse treatment

Competent patients may decline treatment; if incapacitated, consent may be deferred.

Age of consent

18 years for adults; minor consent rules vary; in medical context 12 years for treatment eligibility.

Mental Health Ordinance 2001

Pakistan law governing admission, treatment, and welfare of mentally ill patients.

Admission and leave under MHO

Procedures for admitting and granting leave to mentally ill patients.

Qisas & Diyat Act 1997 basics

Islamic law on killings, compensation (diyat), and retaliation (qisas).

Qatl-e-amd

Killing with intent to kill or cause fatal injury; punishable as qisas/diyat.

Qisas and Diyat: ta’zir

Punishment other than qisas/diyat for offenses under Islamic law.

Diyat value

Financial compensation for harming/killing, with fixed minimums (e.g., Rs 2,93,739; 30,630 g silver).

Waiver of Qisas

A wali may waive the right to Qisas for compensation or settlement.

Compounding of Qisas

Mutual settlement (badal-i-sulh) including cash or property as compensation.

Execution of Qisas

Qisas to be carried out by government functionary under court direction.

Hurt not liable to Qisas

Certain categories exempt from Qisas (e.g., minor/insane offender).

Inquest (police/magistrate/medical examiner)

Legal inquiries into unnatural or suspicious deaths; different authorities conduct them.

Medical Examiner’s System

Forensic inquest system in which a forensic pathologist analyzes deaths.

Forensic Pathology

Determining cause of death via autopsy and injury interpretation.

Forensic Toxicology

Study of poisons, their effects, and antidotes in medicolegal cases.

Forensic Odontology

Dental evidence handling and analysis for justice (identification, bite marks).