AP Human Geography UNIT 2

Agricultural Population Density

Number of Farmers divided by the arable land

Arable Land

Land suitable for farming/agriculture

Physiological Population Density

Population of a region / arable (farmable) land

Child Mortality Rate

Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births

Crude Birth Rate

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society

Crude Death Rate

Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society

Dependency Ratio

Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers

Doubling Time

Number of years needed to double the population

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Industrial Revolution

Time during the 19th century, major improvements in manufacturing goals and delivering them to market

Infant Mortality Rates

the number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1000 live births

Life Expectancy

Average number of years an infant can expect to live

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Medical Revolution

Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Population Center

An area of land where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Mobility

A general term covering all types of movement from one place to another

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Push Factors of Immigration

reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Interregional Migration

Movement from one region to another

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

internal migration

permanent movement within the same country

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

remittance

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

chain migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Immigration

people coming TO a country from elsewhere to live in that country.

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

migration stream

the constant flow of migrants from one country into another country

S-curve

a curve that depicts growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Pull Factors of Immigration

Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($)

Jobs/ workers were needed

Land

Peace and stability

Freedom to make a better life

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period

Emigration

people LEAVING that country to live elsewhere

counterurbanization

a population shift from urban to rural

arithmetic population density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.