Human A+P II: chapter 1

anatomy defintion

structure of body parts and their relations to each other

physiology definition

function of body parts and how they carry out activities

form is related to

function

atoms make up

molecules

molecules make up macromolecules or

cells

cells make up

tissues

tissues make up

organs

4 types of tissues

1. epithelial tissue

2. connective tissue

3. muscle tissue

4. nervous tissue

organs make up organ systems and systems make up

organisms

organ systems

11 organ systems

(ex. endocrine and nervous system)

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

control all other systems

nervous system

fast, short term effects

chemical messages like nerve impulses and neurotransmitters

endocrine systems

slower, long lasting

produces hormones that go straight into the bloodstream

ductless

endocrine system

hormones go directly into the bloodstream

endocrine glands hormones only act

on target cells that contain specific receptor for them

ducts

exocrine system

exocrine systems

(ducts)

does not produce hormones

deliever their products directly to a specific site (ex. salivary glands)

nervous system releases neurotransmitters into

synapses

hormones deliver messages by

binding to receptors

Steroid hormones (receptors inside the cell)

diffuse through the cell membrane and cause transcription of genes in DNA

Negative feedback

aids in homeostasis

hormone secretion is primarily controlled by

negative feedback (system/cycle turns off when goal is achieved)

homeostatic control variables include:

receptor

control center

effector

receptor

main sensor

monitors the environment

control center

integrating system

or “the brain”

receives input, determines, and signals the appropriate response

effector

receives output from control center

provides the mean to response

reduces or enhances stimuli by positive or negative feedback

enhances stimuli

positive feedback

reduces stimuli

negative feedback

An example of positive feedback is

childbirth

positive feedback

is a control mechanism in which rising levels of hormones leads to an increase in secretion

mainly in the reproductive system

childbirth positive feedback tells

the uterus to contract

negative feedback is the main method of

control in hormone secretion

pathway for hormones

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, other endocrine glands, + target cells/ organs

Hypothalamus def/ location

oversees homeostasis

in the brain

the hypothalamus links

the nervous and endocrine systems

Some hypothalamic neurons

synthesize/ make hormones directly

pituitary gland is attached to

the hypothalamus

hypothalamus ‘speaks’ to the pituitary gland

2 portions/ lobes of the pituitary gland

Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

Anterior lobe

Adenohypophysis

Posterior lobe

Neurohypophysis

Pituitary Gland

each part releases certain hormones

Adenohypophysis regulation

anterior lobe

Hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary gland what to release

anterior lobe

make and release hormones

Neurohypophysis regulation

posterior

hypothalamus makes the hormones while the neuro. releases the hormones

posterior lobe

temporary storage for hormones then are released

Major Anterior pituitary hormones

growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stim. hormone, ACTH, FSH, lutinizing hormone

growth hormone (GH)

growing

stimulates the cells to enlarge and divide rapidly

Prolactin (PRL)

secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from thyroid glands

T3 and T4 controls

metabolism or metabolic rate in the body

type of thyroid hormones

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

growth and development

stimulates the production of sperm (males) and egg (in females)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

sex hormones production in both genders (testosterone + estrogen)

cause ovulation in females

Hypopituitary dwarfism

deficiency of gH in childhood

Giantism

large but poportional

caused by oversecretion of GH during childhood

growth hormone is being produced in excess

Acromegaly

nonporportional big hands, feet, nose, etc

caused by a oversecretion of GH during adulthood after epiphyseal ossification (officially stop growing)

Posterior Pituitary hormones

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH vasopressin)

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH vasopressin)

decreases urine production by reducing volume of H2O to the kidneys excrete

helps retain water

Oxytocin

milk let down

causes muscle contraction in uterine wall during childbirth (hormone positive feedback)

Thyroid gland

produces 3 hormones T3,T4, and Calcitonin

T3 and T4 hormones

in thyroid gland

controls metabolism or metabolic rate

Calcitonin

reduces calcium levels in your blood

Clinical appl. of thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

protruding eyes, higher metabolic rate, + weight loss

Hypothyroidism

goiter as a result of no iodide

deficiency of thyroid hormones (T3+T4) due to iodide deficiency

Parathyroid Gland

4 glands, releases PTH parathyroid hormone

PTH increases (regulates Ca+) blood levels of calcium and decrease phosphate

Calcitonin and PTH have

opposite effects

PTH- increases

Calcitonin- decreases

ACTH stimulates the

adrenal cortex (not medulla)
ACTH is the anterior pituitary gland

Adrenal Glands

nec. to stay alive

adrenal hormones maintaining blood sodium levels, responds to stress, and contain sex hormones

Portions of Adrenal Gland

Cortex and Medulla

Adrenal Cortex hormones

Cortisol, aldosterone, androgen, and produces cortcsteorids

cortisol

stress response, metabolism, regulation in adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

salt and water control/ balance in the adrenal cortex

Androgen

sex hormones (male and female) in adrenal cortex

Medulla

part of the Adrenal gland

2 neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Epinephrine

80% fight or flight

released in medulla and adrenal gland

norepinephrine

?

Adrenal Cortex

3 zones that produce different types of hormones

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fascicula

Zona reticularis

Zona Glomerulosa

aldosterone (salt and water balance)

outer region, secretes mineralcorticords

Zona Fascicula

cortisol (stress response)

Zona reticularis

adrogen (testosterone)

stimulated by ACTH

can/may be converted to testosterone

Adrenal Medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

fight or flight

nervous system → fast response

Pancreas

dual organ (endocrine and exocrine gland)

secretes glucagon and insulin

Dual organ

Endocrine- secretes hormones into body fluids

Exocrine gland- secretes digestive juices through pancreatic duct

Glucagon

In pancreas

secreted by Alpha cells; Increases blood glucose

secreted by Alpha cells

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose

Insulin

secreted by beta cells; decreases blood glucose in blood sugar

beta cells (cells that produce hormone)

secreted by beta cells

Insulin

decreases blood glucose in blood sugar

Pancreatic Islets

Alpha, beta, delta cells combined

Diabetes Mellitus

where there is a problem with regulating glucose levels in your blood

wounds (effects nerves) have trouble healing, weight decline, hunger increases, fatigue increases

Hyperglycemia

high glucose levels

Hypoglycemia

low glucose levels

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

immune system attacking beta cells

inherited 5-10%

autoimmune disease, results in lack of insulin production

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

will not work because of abuse/ overuse of receptor

Insulin is produced but body cells are unable to recognize it so the glucose remains in the blood at high levels

Erythropoietin- EPO

released by kidney to increase the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and oxygen to muscles

Blood doping is in relation to

erythropoietin and this practice increases the amount of red blood cells (RBC or erthyocytes)

Blood is part of

connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in plasma

Blood Transportation

transportation of O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, and waste

Blood Regulation

pH, temp, fluid balance

Blood Protection

immune defense, blood clotting

formed elements

cells of blood