Reviewer

Angiography

A static imaging technique that examine blood flow. Highlights the blood vessel in using a dye when brain is active.

Closed-head injury

A type of head injury where the skull remains intact but there is damage to the brain, ei mee typically from the mechanical force of a blow to the head.

Glucose

Based on studies on brain metabolism, it is a sugar required for the brain activities needed during active mental activities.

Attention

Means by which we actively process a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes.

Signal Detection Vigilance

To detect whether we did or did not sense a signal.

Feature Search

A search in which distinctive feature stands out in display

Inattentional Blindness

A phenomenon in which people are not able to see things that are actually there.

Priming

It is a psychological phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influence the response to another stimulus

Preconscious Processing

It can also refer to information available for cognitive processing but that Currently lies outside conscious awareness.

Automatization

The process of turning a task or activity from controlled process to automatic process through practice?

Habituation

It involves our becoming accustomed to a stimulus as a result of paying less and less attention.

Controlled Process

is a type of process that requires a great deal of a person's mental resources.

Similarity Theory

\-The data are a result of the fact that as the similarity between target and distracter stimuli increases, so does the difficulty in detecting the target stimuli

Law of Pragnanz

Its a law wherein We tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most m sonstadua simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form.

Prosopagnosia

It is the inability to recognize faces-would imply damage of some kind to the configurational system. Perception

Depth perception

It is the distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference surfaces oviv.A when speaking in terms of depth perception

Parietal tube

This lobe is associated with somatosensory processing

Midbrain

This part of the division of the brain is known as mesencephalon.

Dendrites

Are branch-like structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

Neurotransmitter

Are chemical messengers for transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the réceiving dendrites of the next neuron.

Postmortem studies

A study done & quot; after death& quot; that often use dissection to study the relation between the sriw aunt her to min of exool toejdo erit yew orl leubivibri st brain and behavior to observe and document signs of brain damage. \n

Brain tumor

A mass of tissue of abnormal cells that occur in either the gray or the white matter of the abn brain also known as neoplasms.

Instance Theory

* Logan (1988) suggested that automatization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli.

Memory

It is the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present

Encoding

It is one of the three common operation of memory that transform sensory data into a form of mental representation

Recall

It requires an individual to retrieve memories without the help of external cues.

Recognition

It is where an individual is able to identify a piece of information from memory with the help of external cues

Sensory Store, Short-term Store, Long-term Store

What are the memory stores in the traditional model of memory

Working memory

It was proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974

It is a theory that is based on scientific and evolutionary evidence, which lead us to conceptualize memory, not as unitary system, but multiple systems that work independently, in synchrony, and/or in competition with each other

Multiple memory system

Hypermnesia

It is a process of producing retrieval of memories that would seem to have been forgotten

Amnesia

It is severe loss of explicit memory.

Amygdala

A region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes.

Recall

In______ , you produce a fact, a word, or other items from memory

Recognition

In____________ , you select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously

Serial Recall

The main types in which you recall items in the exact order in which they were presented

Free Recall

The main types in which you recall items in any order you choose.

Cued Recall

The main types in which called “paired-associates recall”

Encoding

The process of putting information into a form that will allow it to fit with your personal storage system

Storage

Maintaining encoded information in a memory store.

Retrieval

The process of getting information back from long-term memory to be used in working memory.

Interference/Interference Theory

This happens when competing information causes us to forget something; it usually happens during the learning process when one of our memories interferes with another.

Retroactive Interference

This interference occurs when newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material.

Recency effect

These effects refer to the superior recall of words at and near the end of a list.

Autobiographical Memory

A memory of an individual's history and is constructive

Repressed Memories

Memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconsciousness because of the distress they cause.

Consolidation

Process of integrating new information into stored information

Metacognition

Ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking.

Rehearsal

The repeated recitation of an item

Mnemonic Devices

These are specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words

Parallel Processing

Refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple operations

Decay Theory

. A theory that states our memories decays over time

Interference Theory

Theory refers to the idea that forgetting occurs because the recall of certain memories interferes with the recall of other memories

7 Sins of Memory

Memory distortion is divided into 7 by Daniel Schacter

Retrieval

It refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory

Availability

It refers to the presence of information stored in long-term memory

Accessibility

It is the degree to which we can gain access to available information in long- term memory

Propositional Theory

This theory suggests that we do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere words.

Imagery

It is the mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs.

Dual-Code Theory

According to this theory, we both use pictorial or verbal codes for representing information.

Relative Size

This is one of the ways to use it as a means of manipulating image size.

Dual Code Theory

This theory suggests that knowledge is represented both in images and in symbols.

Right Hemisphere

Researchers found out that this part of the brain appears to represent and manipulate visuospatial knowledge in a manner similar to perception.

Spatial Imagery

This refers to images that represent spatial features such as depth dimensions, distances, and orientations.

Ronald Finke

He was the one who suggested some principles of how visual imagery may be functionally equivalent to visual perceptions

Cognitive Maps

These are the internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships.

Spatial Cognition

This particular type of knowledge when forming and using cognitive maps involves specific pathways for moving from one location to another.

Concepts

What is an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world?

Categories

What is a group of items into which different objects or concepts can be placed that belong together because they share some common features, or because they are all similar to a certain prototype?

Semantic-Network Models

What model suggests that knowledge is represented in our minds in the form of concepts that are connected with each other in a web-like form?

Scripts

contains information about the particular order in which things occur?

Classical Concepts

are categories that can be readily defined through defining features?

Procedural Knowledge

refers to the knowledge of how to perform specific tasks or procedures, typically involving motor skills or sequential actions?

Serial Processing

refers to the sequential or one-at-a-time processing of information or tasks in a linear manner?

Declarative Knowledge

refers to explicit knowledge that can be consciously recalled and verbalized, such as facts, concepts, and events?

Parallel Processing

the ability of the human brain, or a cognitive system, to simultaneously process multiple streams of information or perform multiple tasks concurrently?

Temporal Strings

refers to strings of text or data that represent time-related information?

Language

the use of an organized means of combining words in order to communicate with those around us

Phoneme

the smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance in a given language from another

Morpheme

the smallest unit of meaning within a particular language

Denotation

s the strict dictionary definition of a word.

Dyslexia

one type of reading disorder. It generally refers to difficulties reading individual words and can lead to problems understanding text.

Acquired dyslexia

the person's brain had developed the ability to function in a typical way, but some sort of event, such as an illness or head injury, has caused damage to the brain that impairs that function.

Syntax

the systematic way in which words can be combined and sequenced to make meaningful phrases and sentences.

Reading

it involves perception, language, memory, thinking, and intelligence

Phonological Awareness

Awareness of the sound structure of spoken language.

Phonological Reading

entails reading words in isolation. Teachers sometimes call this skill “word decoding” or “word attack.”

Lexical Access

One’s ability to retrieve phonemes from long-term memory.

Lexical-Decision Task

To observe the word-superiority effect, researchers use an experimental paradigm called the

Dynamic

properties of language states that "languages constantly evolve

Communicative

properties of language states that "language permits us to communicate with one or more people who share our language

Phoneme

the smallest unit of speech sound in a given language from on another

Noun and Verb

e two (2) components of Syntax to create sentences

Lexical access

identification of a word that allows us to gain access to the meaning of the word from memory

Discourse

It involves units of language larger than individual sentences—in conversations, lectures, stories, essays, and even textbooks

Phonological Reading

. It entails reading words in isolation

Linguistic Determinism

A long-standing claim concerning the relationship between language and culture is that the structure of a language determines the way in which the speakers of that language view the world.

Linguistic Relativity

somewhat weaker version is that the structure doesn't determine the view but is still extremely influential in predisposing speakers of a language towards adopting a particular world-view

Subtractive Bilingualism

Elements of a second language replace the first language

Anticipation

The speaker uses a language element before it is appropriate in the sentence because it corresponds to an element that will be needed later in the utterance.