WSU - Bio 315 Lecture Exam 3

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125 Terms

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Function of blood include
Carrying respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones; Helps body regulate temp.
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Hematocrit
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
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Males RBC
47% +/- 5%
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Females RBC
42% +/- 5%
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Serum
plasma without clotting factors
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Blood plasma
straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood about 55% of whole blood
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Blood Plasma Protein: Albumin
most abundant; maintain osmotic pressure
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Blood Plasma Protein: Globulins
Alpha and beta globulins: some transport metal ions and some transport lipids; Gamma globulins: immunoglobulins (antibodies)
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Blood Plasma Protein: Fibrinogen
converted to fibrin - major component of blood clot
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Red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
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Acidic dyes
eosin, stains pink
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Basic dyes
hematoxylin or methylene blue - stains blue and purple
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Hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein
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Leukocytes
white blood cells
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Diapedesis
circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries by squeezing between endothelial cells
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Type of Leukocyte: Granulocytes
contain enzyme filled vesicles in cytoplasm
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Type of Leukocyte: Arganulocytes
lack vesicles
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Type of Granulocytes: Neutrophils
(appear neutral - both pink and purple) Most numerous leukocyte (60%) phagocytize bacteria and release enzymes
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Nucleus is multi-lobed; 2 to 6 lobes
polymorphonucleated granulocytes
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Type of Granulocytes: Eosinophils
(appear pink) Turn off allergic reactions and help fight off parasitic infections
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Type of Granulocytes: Basophils
(appear purple) secrete histamine
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Histamine
Functions in inflammation mediation
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Type of Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes
(stains dark purple) the most important cells of the immune system
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Lymphocyte: T-Cells
attack foreign cells directly
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Lymphocyte: B cells
secrete antibodies and multiply to become plasma cells
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Type of Agranulocytes: Monocytes
largest leukocyte that trasnform into macrophages and are phagocytic cells
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Platelets
Cell fragments and seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting
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Hematopoiesis
process by which blood cells are formed (all originate in bone marrow)
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Red marrow
actively produces blood cells
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Location of red marrow
remains in proximal epiphyses, girdles, and all of axial skeleton
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Tissue framework for red marrow: Reticular connective tissue
Reticular fibers support developing blood cells
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Tissue framework for red marrow: Blood sinusoids
Large capillaries with wide-open intercellular junctions
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Yellow marrow
dormant; contains many fat cells; located in long bones of adults
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hemopoietic stem cell
most undifferentiated blood stem cell
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Lymphoid stem cells
give rise to lymphocytes
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Myeloid stem cells
give rise to all other blood cells which then become committed to specific cells
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Erythrocytes are formed from
proerythroblasts
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Megakaryocytes are formed from
megakaryoblasts (which break apart into platelets)
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Granulocytes form from
myeloblasts (one cell line for each type)
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Monocytes form from
monoblasts (myeloid line)
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Lymphocytes from directly from
lymphoid stem cells
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Arteries
carry blood away from the heart; smaller lumen/vessel size ratio
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Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels, and the site of exchange molecules between blood and the tissues.
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Veins
carry blood to the heart; thicker tunica externa
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Structure of blood vessels: Tunica intima
composed of simple squamous epithelium
Subendothelial layer - thin layer of loose connective tissue
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Structure of blood vessels: Tunica media
primarily sheets of smooth muscle; also collagen and elastin in larger vessels
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Structure of blood vessels: Tunica externa (adventitia)
composed of dense connective tissue
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Lumen
central blood-filled space of a vessel
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Types of Arteries: Elastic arteries
the largest arteries; high elastin content in tunica media stores energy for continuous flow of blood
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Types of Arteries: Muscular (distributing) arteries
internal and external elastic laminae; thick tunica media relative to vessel size
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Types of Arteries: Arterioles
smallest arteries, tunica media contains smooth muscle and diameter of lumen can change
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Capillaries structure
only tunica intima and has intercellular clefts (gaps of unjoined membrane between tight junctions; overlap)
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Pericytes
supporting cells of capillaries
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Continuous capillary
most common type of capillary contains very small gaps in the endothelial lining that permit exchange
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fenestrated capillaries
have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands
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4 routes of capillary permeability are...
1) Direct diffusion
2) Through intercellular clefts
3) Through fenestrations (pores)
4) Through cytoplasmic vesicles (pinocytosis)
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Sinusoids
Wide, leaky capillaries found in
spleen, liver, bone marrow; intercellular clefts are wide open
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Capillary beds
network of capillaries running through tissues (Metarteriole and Thoroughfare channels)
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precapillary sphincters
regulate blood flow into tissues
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What tissues lack or have sparse capillary beds?
Epithelia and cartilage
Cornea and lens of eye
Tendons and ligaments
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Venules are the smallest veins, but what are the smallest venules?
postcapillary venules
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Mechanisms to Counteract low venous pressure
one way valves and skeletal muscle pump
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Vascular Anastomoses
interconnections of blood vessels so that organs can receive blood
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"Great Vessels" of Circulation (4 listed)
1) Aorta
2) Pulmonary Trunk/Pulmonary Arteries and veins
3) Inferior vena cava
4) Superior vena cava
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Pulmonary Circuit of the heart
takes blood to and from the lungs
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Systemic circuit of the heart
vessels transport blood to and from body tissues
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Atria of the heart
receiving chambers; blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits
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Ventricles of the heart
the pumping chambers of the heart
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Heart Development - Embryo
Blood vessels begin as condensations of lateral plate (splanchnic) mesoderm
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Angioblasts
immature endothelial cells
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Heart Development - Sinus Venosus
becomes part of right atrium and determines heart rate
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Heart Development - Bulbus cordis
becomes great arteries and right ventricle
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Pericardium: Fibrous
strong layer of dense connective tissue
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Pericardium: Serous
formed from parietal layer and visceral layer with the pericardial cavity between
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epicadium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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serosal membrane
(epicardium) simple squamous epithelium + thin connective tissue layer
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Myocardium
consists of cardiac muscle arranged in circular and spiral patterns
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Endocardium
simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of loose connective tissue (lines internal walls of heart)
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Pathway of blood through the heart: Oxygen Poor Blood
in Superior and inferior venae cavae
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pulmonary circulation (Deoxygenated blood)
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk. right/left pulmonary arteries, lungs
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Returned to heart (systemic Circuit)
left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, distributing arteries to body
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Systole
ventricular contraction
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Diastole
ventricular relaxation and expansion due to filling with blood
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Right Atrioventricular valve
between atria and ventricles and is a tricuspid valve
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Left atrioventricular valve
between atria and ventricles and is a mitral (bicuspid) valve
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Aortic and pulmonary valves
at junction of ventricles and great arteries and is a semilunar valve (3 crescent shaped leaflets)
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What is each valve composed of?
endocardium with connective tissue core
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Chordae tendineae
connective tissue strands that connect AV valves to small muscles extending from lower ventricle walls
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Papillary muscles
contraction pulls chordae tendineae taut and prevents eversion of AV valves into atria
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"lub" sound in heart
AV valves closing
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"dup" sound in heart
the semilunar valves closing
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2 auto-rhythmic cardiac cells
pacemaker cells and conducting cells
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Sinoatrial node
upper right atrium; sets inherent rate of contraction (primary pacemaker)
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Atrioventricular node
between atria and ventricles
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conducting system of the heart
a series of specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct action potential throughout heart
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Purkinje fibers
through each ventricle wall (between endocardium and myocardium); conduct action potential rapidly, BUT do not contract or contract poorly
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Nerves to/from the heart
1) Visceral sensory fibers
2) Parasympathetic branches (of the vagus nerve)
3) Sympathetic Fibers (from cervical ganglia)
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Fetal circulation
All major vessels in place by month 3 of development.
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Fetus circulation difference
most blood bypasses liver, fetus must supply blood to placenta, very little blood is sent through pulmonary circuit
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Paired umbilical arteries
oxygen poor blood to placenta