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what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 1, glucose, glucose 6 phosphate
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 2, glucose 6 phosphate, fructose 6 phosphate
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 3, fructose 6 phosphate, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 4, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate, glyceraldehyde 3 P, dihydroxyacetone P (DHAP)
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 5, dihydroxyacetone P, glyceraldehyde 3P
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
Step 6, glyceraldehyde 3P, 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG)
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 7, 1,3 BPG, 3 Phosphoglycerate, ATP
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 8, 3 phosphoglycerate, 2 phosphoglycerate
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 9, 2 phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate
what step in glycolysis, what react/prod
step 10, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, atp
Summary of glycolysis
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
what enzyme
hexokinase
what enzyme
phosphohexose isomerase
what enzyme
phosphofructokinase -1 (PFK-1)
what enzyme
1,6 bisphosphate aldolase
what enzyme
triose phosphate isomerase
what enzyme
glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase
what enzyme
phosphoglycerate kinase
what enzyme
phosphoglycerate isomerase
what enzyme
enolase
what enzyme
pyruvate kinase
show the mechanism for cleavage of 1,3 bisphosphate
Oh attack carbon 4’s H
phosphorylases uses ___ to cleave glucose
phosphate
In dietary glycogen (____) breaks a-amylases with ___ to produce
water, maltose and maltotriose
maltose + Water →
2 glucose
lactose + water →
galactose, glucose
sucrose + water →
glucose, fructose
fructose (from sucrose) gets imported into glycolysis as
fructose 6P
galactose gets imported into glycolysis as
glucose 1P
lactic acid fermentation formula
pyruvate + NADH + H+ -(lactate dehydrogenase) > Lactate + NAD+
why is fermentation useful
produces energy when the body is low on oxygen
ethanol fermentation
pyruvate → Acetaldehyde → Ethanol
first enzyme in ethanol fermentation
pyruvate decarboxylase
second enzyme in ethanol fermentation
alcohol dehydrogenase
use of coenzyme TPP in ethanol fermentation
stabilized carbanion, CO2 removal, activate acetaldehyde groups
what do the bypasses solve
reverse the irreversible steps
bypass #1
turn pyruvate → oxaloacetate → Phosphoenol pyruvate
bypass #1 consumes
1 ATP, 1 GTP
bypass 1# enzymes
pyruvate carboxylase, carboxykinase
bypass #2
Fructose bisphosphate → Fructose 6P with phosphatase
bypass #3
glucose 6P to Glucose with phosphatase
Pentose phosphate pathway input and output
glucose 6P → pentose and reduced NADPH
glycogenlysis =
internal catabolism
glycogenlysis formula
glycogen → glycose 1P with glycogen phosphorylase
How can glycogen be produced
glucose 6P → glc 1P (phsophogluco mutase)
net reaction of energizing glucose
sugar phosphate + NTP → NDP-sugar +2Pi
glycogen biosynthesis/catabolism cycle
glc 6P →(phosphogluco mutase) Glc 1P → UDP-Glucose (glucose synthase) → glycogen (glycogen phosphorlase) → Glc 1P
how to prevent the glycogen biosynth futile cycle
regulate glycogen synthase and phosphorlase
glucagon regulates what and where is it located
signals low glucose levels, liver
epinephrine (adrenaline) regulates what and where is it located
signals fight or flight, muscles
ways to regulate enzyme activity
allosteric regulationm, covalent modification
what does insulin regulate
signals high glucose levels
how to allosterically regulate enzyme activity
PFK-1 enzyme in glycolysis
which glycolylic enzyme converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3P
aldolase
in glycolysis, the reaction that converts phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate also produces
one atp
fructose is found in fruits and foods. When we consume fructose it __
converts into fructose 6P for glycolysis processing
the feeder pathways for glycolysis
convert carbohydrates into glucose and other glycolysis intermediates
which glycolysis reaction results in the oxidation or carbon atoms
G3P → 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (step 6)
G3P → 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, where do the electrons on the carbon end up in
NADH
what product of pentose phosphate pathway is used to build part of the carbon skeleton of nucleotides
ribose
in terms of extracting metabolic energy from glucose. What is the advantage of oxidzing glucose to CO2 compares to fermentation
oxidizing glucose produces more ATP
what distinguishes the “irreversible” reactions in glycolysis from the reversible
irreversible steps are highly favored in the forward direction
why does a branches glycogen molecule allow for faster release of glucose than linear glycogen
branches glycogen has more ends for simultaneous glycogen removal
what pathway has the following reaction
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + H20 → Fru 6P + phosphate
gluconeogenesis
what type of enzyme catalyzes the reaction
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + H20 → Fru 6P + phosphate
phosphatase
the reaction 1,3 biphosphoglycerate → 3 phosphoglycerate is a payoff reaction bc it produces
atp
what is the net reaction for lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate + NADH+ H+ → lactate + NAD+
what benefit does fermentation provide
regenerates NAD+ when oxygen is low so glycolysis still runs
Note 
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