ap pysch modules 20-25

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Psychology

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102 Terms

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sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
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sensory receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
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perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
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top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
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selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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cocktail party effect
ability to attend to only one voice in a sea of other voices
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divided attention
the ability to carry out multiple tasks at once; interfere if overlapping
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inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
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change blindness
failing to notice alterations in our environment, ex: choice blindness
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transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another
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Psychophysics
the study of relationships between the physical properties of stimuli and our psychological experience
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absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
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signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation
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4 reasons for signal detection theory
experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
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subliminal
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
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difference threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
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webers law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
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sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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perceptual set (ps)
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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ps context effects
stimuli affected by whats around it
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ps motivation
motivation changes from one thing after seeing another
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ps emotion
feelings about the world make you see your emotions everywhere
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esp
extrasensory perception; the claim that perception can occur apart from sensation
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telepathy
mind to mind communication
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clairvoyance
the ability to see remote events
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precognition
the ability to predict the future
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parapsychology
the study of paranormal phenomena
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Wavelength
the distance from peak to peak of a wave; determines color in lightwaves
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hue
the dimension of color that is determined by wavelength; red, blue, green, magenta, yellow, cyan
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intensity
the amount of energy in a wave as determined by the waves amplitude (height)
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cornea
a clear protective layer that covers the iris and pupil
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aqueous humor
a gel layer between the iris and pupil
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pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
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iris
a ring shaped colored muscle that controls the size of the pupils opening
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lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
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accomodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on images near and far
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retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones and layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
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rods
receptors in the retina that detect gray scale and movement and provide peripheral and twilight vision
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cones
receptors in the retina that detect fine detail and color in daylight or well-lit conditions
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optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
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blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot with no retinal receptors
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fovea
the focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster
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feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
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Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors; red, green and blue, which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
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opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
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gestalt
an organized whole; necker/impossible cube
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figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
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grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
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visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
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binocular cues
depth cues that use both eyes
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retinal disparity
by comparing retinal images from each eye the brain can judge distance
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monocular cues
depth cues using one eye
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Interposition
objects that are partially blocked are perceived as farther away than complete objects
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relative height
we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away
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relative motion (motion parallax)
As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move; close objects appear to move backwards, objects in the distance appear to move slowly with us
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relative size
assuming objects are similar in size, the object that is larger is perceived to be closer
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linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance; the sharper the angle of convergence, the greater the perceived distance
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lights and shadows
shading produces a sense of dept, consistent with our assumption that light comes from above
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phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
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perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as sensation changes
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shape constancy
perceiving the shape of an object as unchanging even as retinal images of the shape change
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color constancy
perceiving the color of an object as unchanging even as retinal images of the color change
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brightness constancy
perceiving an object as having unchanging brightness even as reflective wavelengths of light alter
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ames room
an optical illusion
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perceptual adaptation
the ability to adjust to changing sensory input
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audition
the sense or act of hearing
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frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
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pitch
a tones perceived highness or lowness as determined by frequency
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timbre
the quality or a sound distinct from its pitch and loudness
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outer ear
the ear cartilage and ear canal; funnels soundwaves towards the middle ear and inner ear
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middle ear
ear drum(tympanic membrane), malleus (the hammer) the incus (anvail, stirrup) function- helps concentrate vibrations of the ear drum on the cochleas oval window
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inner ear
contains the cochlea, semi circular canals, and the vestibular sacs; processing sound begins
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conductive/conduction hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical systems that conduct sound waves to the cochlea
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sensory neural hearing loss
caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or auditory nerve
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cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
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cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
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perception of sound (timbre)
frequency determines pitch, amplitude determines loudness or volume (dB decibels)
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place theory (basilar membrane)
the theory that links the pitch we hear with the spot where the cochleas basilar membrane is stimulated (high frequencies not low)
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frequency theory
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone (low frequencies not high)
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volley principle
the theory that the nerve impulses of the auditory nerve are combined
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touch
a sensation within your skin
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temperature
thermal receptors adapt to temp easily
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sense of pressure
2 levels of pressure; meissner corpuscule- light pressure, pacinion corpuscule- hard pressure
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pain
nociceptors
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gate control theory of pain
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows that to travel to the brain
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phantom limb syndrome
when people who are lacking limbs continue to report sensations in those limbs
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social-critical incfluences on pain
what pain are we allowed to feel
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gustation
sense of taste
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sweet
detects energy sources
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salty
good for physiological functions
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sour
detects potentially toxic acids
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bitter
detects potential poisons
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umami
detects proteins
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olfaction
sense of smell; olfactory bulb- concentration of olfactory nerves above the nose
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kinesthesia
our sense of movement and body position
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vestibular sense
sense of body position and balance
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sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may depend on another