Chapter 3 Test, Plants, Campbell Biology by Reece, 10th Ed : BIO 101

photosynthesis

photosynthesis

converts solar energy into chemical energy

autotrophs

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

heterotrophs

obtain their organic material from other organisms

plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle called:

alternation of generations

Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which:

produces haploid spores by meiosis

the gametophyte is haploid, and:

produces haploid gametes by mitosis

nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through:

placental transfer cells

land plants are called:

embryophytes, because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

the sporophyte produces spores in organs called:

sporangia

xylem:

conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheid’s

phloem consists of:

living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Water-conducting cells are strengthened by:

lignin and provide structural support

roots are:

organs that anchor vascular plants

Roots may have evolved from:

subterranean stems

leaves are:

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

Phylum Lycophyta includes:

club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

Phylum Pterophyta includes:

ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns in their relatives

club mosses and spike mosses have:

vascular tissues and are not true mosses

Increased photosynthesis may have helped produce:

the global cooling at the end of the carboniferous period

The gymnosperms have “naked” seeds not enclosed by ovaries and consist of four phyla:

Cycadophyta (cycads)

Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)

Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)

Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)

fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian period some plants, called:

progymnosperms - had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants

living seed plants can be divided into two clades:

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Gymnosperms:

appear early in the fossil record and dominated the mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems

phylum coniferophyta:

this phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla

Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:

-Dominance of the sporophyte generation

-Development of seeds from fertilized ovules

-The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

angiosperms are seed plants with:

reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

the flower is an:

angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:

Sepals, which enclose the flower

Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators

Stamens, which produce pollen on their terminal anthers

Carpels, which produce ovules

A carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where:

pollen is received

various fruit adaptations help:

disperse seeds

The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an:

ovary at the base of a stigma

the ovule is entered by a pore called the:

micropyle

double fertilization occurs when the:

pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule

Male gametophytes are contained within:

pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers

Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called:

cotyledons

Archaefructus sinensis, for example, has:

anthers and seeds but lacks petals and sepals

Primitive fossils of 125-million-year-old angiosperms display:

derived and primitive traits

The two main groups of angiosperms are:

•monocots (one cotyledon) and eudicots (“true” dicots)

The clade eudicot includes some groups formerly assigned to the:

•the paraphyletic dicot (two cotyledons) group

most of our food comes from:

angiosperms

The pine tree is the sporophyte and produces:

sporangia in male and female cones

Small cones produce microspores called pollen grains

each of which contains a male gametophyte

The two main groups of angiosperms are:

•monocots (one cotyledon) and eudicots (“true” dicots)

plants, like multicellular animals, have

organs composed of different tissues

three basic organs evolved:

roots, stems, and leaves

roots are multicellular organs with important functions:

anchoring the plant

absorbing minerals and water

storing organic nutrients

many plants have

modified roots

a taproot system consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to:

lateral roots, or branch roots

adventitious roots arise from

stems or leaves

in most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the

root hairs, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area

roots rely on sugar produced by:

photosynthesis in the shoot system

many plants have

modified roots

a stem is an organ consisting of:

An alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached

Internodes, the stem segments between nodes

an axillary bud is:

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch

an apical bud, or terminal bud, is:

located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

apical dominance helps

to maintain dormancy in most nonapical buds

many plants also have:

modified stems

the leaf is the main:

photosynthethetic organ of most vascular plants

leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called:

the petiole

Monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins:

the vascular tissue of leaves

Most monocots have

parallel veins

most eudicots have:

branching veins

Some plant species have evolved modified leaves that

serve various functions

Each plant organ has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. Each of these three categories forms a:

tissue system

In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the

epidermis

In woody plants, protective tissues called periderm replace the

epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the

stele

In angiosperms the stele of the root is a solid central

vascular cylinder

conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

xylem

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

phloem

The stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles

strands of xylem and phloem

some major types of plant cells:

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Water-conducting cells of the xylem

Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

ground tissue includes cells specialized for:

storage, photosynthesis and support

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is the

pith; ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is cortex

Mature parenchyma cells

Have thin and flexible primary walls

Lack secondary walls

Are the least specialized

Perform the most metabolic functions

Retain the ability to divide and differentiate

grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot

They have thicker and uneven cell walls

They lack secondary walls

These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth

Collenchyma cells are

grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot

They have thicker and uneven cell walls

They lack secondary walls

These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth

Sclerenchyma cells are:

rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin

They are dead at functional maturity

there are two types of scletenchyma cells:

Sclereids are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls

Fibers are long and slender and arranged in threads

The two types of water-conducting cells, tracheids and vessel elements, are

dead at maturity

tracheids are found in:

the xylem of all vascular plants

Vessel elements are common to most angiosperms and

a few gymnosperms

Vessel elements align end to end to form long micropipes called

vessels

Sieve-tube elements are

alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles

Sieve plates are

the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

Each sieve-tube element has a

companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

A plant can grow throughout its life; this is called

indeterminate growth

some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size. this is called

determinate growth

annuals complete their life cycle in

a year or less

biennials require

two growing seasons

perennials

live for many years

Meristems are

perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

Apical meristems

are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called

primary growth

Lateral meristems

add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth

There are two lateral meristems:

•the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

The vascular cambium adds

•layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

The cork cambium replaces the

epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

•Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:

Zone of cell division

Zone of elongation

Zone of maturation