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A network topology is the physical structure of the network
It defines how the network hardware will be arranged to create the network
Different network models (PS2P/Client-Sever) can be used on a topology
A star topology has a central switch which all other devices connect to
A switch is an intelligent device which ensures that traffic only goes to the intended device
A star topology is commonly seen in most homes, businesses, organisations and schools
If any single cable stops working, the rest of the network will continue to work
An example you may have experienced would be in school when one computer won't log on to the network, but all other classmates can get logged on
This is important because in other topologies if a cable was broken, all computers on the network would stop working which would have a negative impact on learning in schools and businesses completing their daily tasks
The central switch is a single point of failure
This means that if the switch stops working, all of the devices connected to it will not be able to connect to the network or any of its facilities and resources
A mesh topology allows all computers to be connected to all other computers
This is known as a full mesh network topology
LANs can make use of mesh networks however, they are more commonly seen in IoT devices such as wearable technology and smart home devices
If any single cable stops working, the rest of the network will continue to work as the data can find a different route to get to its destination
In the example below you can see that one cable has been marked as not working and that that data can simply use an alternate route
The topology requires a lot of hardware, cables and switches to set up
This means there is a higher cost for setting up the network
Adding new devices is not as easy as in a star topology, making it more challenging to scale the network
The solution to these disadvantages is called a ‘Partial Mesh Topology’
A partial mesh topology is very similar to a full mesh, with the difference being that each device is not connected to every other device directly
This means
Less cables and hardware are required
Multiple routes still exist between devices
It is a compromise solution to reduce the amount of hardware needed
The diagram below is an example of how the backbone structure of the Internet appears
Note 
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